Jones Anderson Monteiro Siqueira1, Darleise de Souza Oliveira2, Thaís Cristina Nascimento de Carvalho3, Thayara Morais Portal4, Maria Cleonice Aguiar Justino5, Luciana Damascena da Silva6, Hugo Reis Resque7, Yvone Benchimol Gabbay8. 1. Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. Electronic address: jones_siqueira@ymail.com. 2. Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. Electronic address: darleiseoliveira@iec.pa.gov.br. 3. Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. Electronic address: thaiscncarvalho@gmail.com. 4. Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. Electronic address: thayaramorais3@gmail.com. 5. Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. Electronic address: mariajustino@iec.pa.gov.br. 6. Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. Electronic address: lucianasilva@iec.pa.gov.br. 7. Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. Electronic address: hugoresque@iec.pa.gov.br. 8. Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. Electronic address: yvonegabbay@iec.pa.gov.br.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Astrovirus (HAstV) is a common viral pathogen that causes gastroenteritis worldwide. It is classified into eight classical human types (HAstV-1/8) and seven other less prevalent types, described as HAstV VA1, VA2, VA3, VA4, MLB-1, MLB-2 and MLB-3. During outbreaks, the elderly and children are the most affected, and the spread of the virus is associated with person-to-person contact, food ingestion and contaminated water. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of infection and genetic diversity of HAstV strains. Samples were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis admitted to a large pediatric hospital during a surveillance period of three years (2008-2011) in Belém city, Pará State, Amazon Region, Northern Brazil. STUDY DESIGN: Screening and genotyping tests were conducted using RT-PCR to detect the classical and non-classical HAstV types using specific primers. A semi-nested RT-PCR protocol was developed to improve viral detection in samples with a low viral load. RESULTS: The overall positivity observed in this study was 3.9% (19/483). The age distribution showed a high prevalence of positive cases in children under one year old (5.3%). We found vomiting associated with 75% of the positive cases, fever with 82.3%, and dehydration with 76.9%. Most patients with positive cases demonstrated two to five days of diarrhea, two to three episodes of vomiting during hospitalization, and three bowel movements per day. Co-infection with HAstV and norovirus was observed in three cases (15.8%), and no pattern of seasonality or any relationship between the HAstV positivity rate and climate variables was observed. Eighteen positive samples (94.7%-18/19) were genotyped based on the ORF 2 region, and the greatest prevalence was of HAstV-1a (66.6%-12/18), followed by HAstV-2 (22.2%-4/18, comprising two type-2b and two type-2c genotypes), HAstV-3c (5.6%-1/18) and HAstV-4c (5.6%-1/18). No non-classical types were detected in the clinical samples analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that although HAstV infections occur at low frequency, they are involved in severe pediatric cases of acute gastroenteritis presenting with a high diversity of strains, including the lineages 3c and 4c, which were never before detected in Brazil.
BACKGROUND: Astrovirus (HAstV) is a common viral pathogen that causes gastroenteritis worldwide. It is classified into eight classical human types (HAstV-1/8) and seven other less prevalent types, described as HAstV VA1, VA2, VA3, VA4, MLB-1, MLB-2 and MLB-3. During outbreaks, the elderly and children are the most affected, and the spread of the virus is associated with person-to-person contact, food ingestion and contaminated water. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of infection and genetic diversity of HAstV strains. Samples were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis admitted to a large pediatric hospital during a surveillance period of three years (2008-2011) in Belém city, Pará State, Amazon Region, Northern Brazil. STUDY DESIGN: Screening and genotyping tests were conducted using RT-PCR to detect the classical and non-classical HAstV types using specific primers. A semi-nested RT-PCR protocol was developed to improve viral detection in samples with a low viral load. RESULTS: The overall positivity observed in this study was 3.9% (19/483). The age distribution showed a high prevalence of positive cases in children under one year old (5.3%). We found vomiting associated with 75% of the positive cases, fever with 82.3%, and dehydration with 76.9%. Most patients with positive cases demonstrated two to five days of diarrhea, two to three episodes of vomiting during hospitalization, and three bowel movements per day. Co-infection with HAstV and norovirus was observed in three cases (15.8%), and no pattern of seasonality or any relationship between the HAstV positivity rate and climate variables was observed. Eighteen positive samples (94.7%-18/19) were genotyped based on the ORF 2 region, and the greatest prevalence was of HAstV-1a (66.6%-12/18), followed by HAstV-2 (22.2%-4/18, comprising two type-2b and two type-2c genotypes), HAstV-3c (5.6%-1/18) and HAstV-4c (5.6%-1/18). No non-classical types were detected in the clinical samples analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that although HAstV infections occur at low frequency, they are involved in severe pediatric cases of acute gastroenteritis presenting with a high diversity of strains, including the lineages 3c and 4c, which were never before detected in Brazil.