Xinxin Zhang1, Daniel James Olson2, Patrick Le1, Feng-Chang Lin3, David Fleischman4, Richard Marc Davis5. 1. University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 2. University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington. 3. North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 4. Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 5. Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Electronic address: richdavis@unc.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the association between glaucoma and each of anxiety and depression. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. METHODS: Settings: University of North Carolina hospitals and outpatient clinics. STUDY POPULATION: All patients over the age of 18 years seen between July 1, 2008 and October 1, 2015 were included. OBSERVATION PROCEDURE: International Classification of Diseases codes were used to identify cases of glaucoma, as well as anxiety and depression. OUTCOME MEASURE: Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for glaucoma and each of anxiety and depression. OR were also calculated for above diagnoses separated by age group and sex. RESULTS: A total of 4 439 518 patients were screened, of which 11 234 (0.3%) have glaucoma, 96 527 (2.2%) have anxiety, and 103 476 (2.3%) have depression. The adjusted OR was 10.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.0-11.0) for glaucoma and anxiety and 12.3 (95% CI 11.8-12.9) for glaucoma and depression. The likelihood of having anxiety and depression along with glaucoma did not change with age (P = .088, P = .736). CONCLUSION: There was a statistically significant association between glaucoma and each of anxiety and depression.
PURPOSE: To investigate the association between glaucoma and each of anxiety and depression. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. METHODS: Settings: University of North Carolina hospitals and outpatient clinics. STUDY POPULATION: All patients over the age of 18 years seen between July 1, 2008 and October 1, 2015 were included. OBSERVATION PROCEDURE: International Classification of Diseases codes were used to identify cases of glaucoma, as well as anxiety and depression. OUTCOME MEASURE: Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for glaucoma and each of anxiety and depression. OR were also calculated for above diagnoses separated by age group and sex. RESULTS: A total of 4 439 518 patients were screened, of which 11 234 (0.3%) have glaucoma, 96 527 (2.2%) have anxiety, and 103 476 (2.3%) have depression. The adjusted OR was 10.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.0-11.0) for glaucoma and anxiety and 12.3 (95% CI 11.8-12.9) for glaucoma and depression. The likelihood of having anxiety and depression along with glaucoma did not change with age (P = .088, P = .736). CONCLUSION: There was a statistically significant association between glaucoma and each of anxiety and depression.
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