Gary J Farkas1, Ashraf S Gorgey2, David R Dolbow3, Arthur S Berg4, David R Gater1. 1. a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania, USA. 2. b Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center , Richmond , Virginia, USA. 3. c School of Kinesiology , University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi, USA. 4. d Department of Public Health Sciences , Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Level of injury (LOI) and the role of adipose tissue and its proinflammatory adipokines in cardiometabolic dysfunction following spinal cord injury (SCI) remains poorly understood. We aim to examine the influence of LOI on adipose tissue and its relationship to proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles following SCI. DESIGN: Cross sectional and correlational study. SETTING: Clinical hospital and academic setting. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-seven individuals with chronic motor complete SCI (age 43.8±11.5 y, BMI: 27.3±5.3) were classified as having tetraplegia (TSCI; n=12) or paraplegia (PSCI; n=35). INTERVENTION: Non applicable. OUTCOME MEASURES: Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue volumes were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Proinflammatory adipokines (tumor neurosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasminogen activatable inhibitor-1, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein) and cardiovascular, carbohydrate, and lipid profiles were assessed according to standard techniques. RESULTS: VAT volume was greater in TSCI versus PSCI (p=0.042); however, after covarying for age this significance was lost (p>0.05). IL-6 was significantly elevated in TSCI (p<0.05), while other markers of inflammation generally were elevated, but did not reach statistical significance (p>0.05). Systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol were significantly lower in TSCI (p<0.05), while fasting glucose was significantly lower in PSCI (p<0.05). A number of proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic markers significantly correlated with adipose tissue depots by LOI (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results show that LOI does not influence the distribution of adipose tissue, but does influence proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles following SCI. Further research is needed to evaluate impact of lean body mass on these findings.
OBJECTIVE: Level of injury (LOI) and the role of adipose tissue and its proinflammatory adipokines in cardiometabolic dysfunction following spinal cord injury (SCI) remains poorly understood. We aim to examine the influence of LOI on adipose tissue and its relationship to proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles following SCI. DESIGN: Cross sectional and correlational study. SETTING: Clinical hospital and academic setting. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-seven individuals with chronic motor complete SCI (age 43.8±11.5 y, BMI: 27.3±5.3) were classified as having tetraplegia (TSCI; n=12) or paraplegia (PSCI; n=35). INTERVENTION: Non applicable. OUTCOME MEASURES: Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue volumes were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Proinflammatory adipokines (tumor neurosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasminogen activatable inhibitor-1, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein) and cardiovascular, carbohydrate, and lipid profiles were assessed according to standard techniques. RESULTS: VAT volume was greater in TSCI versus PSCI (p=0.042); however, after covarying for age this significance was lost (p>0.05). IL-6 was significantly elevated in TSCI (p<0.05), while other markers of inflammation generally were elevated, but did not reach statistical significance (p>0.05). Systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol were significantly lower in TSCI (p<0.05), while fasting glucose was significantly lower in PSCI (p<0.05). A number of proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic markers significantly correlated with adipose tissue depots by LOI (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results show that LOI does not influence the distribution of adipose tissue, but does influence proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles following SCI. Further research is needed to evaluate impact of lean body mass on these findings.
Authors: Max-Jürgen Storch; Daniel König; Dirk Bültermann; Andreas Blum; Stefan Vogt; Manfred Baumstark; Aloys Berg; Andreas Schmid Journal: Prev Med Date: 2005-03 Impact factor: 4.018
Authors: Ashraf S Gorgey; Christopher R Harnish; Jonathan A Daniels; David R Dolbow; Allison Keeley; Jewel Moore; David R Gater Journal: J Spinal Cord Med Date: 2012-03 Impact factor: 1.985
Authors: James S Krause; Nicole D DiPiro; Lee L Saunders; Susan D Newman; Narendra L Banik; Sookyoung Park Journal: Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil Date: 2014
Authors: Melissa K Tuck; Daniel W Chan; David Chia; Andrew K Godwin; William E Grizzle; Karl E Krueger; William Rom; Martin Sanda; Lynn Sorbara; Sanford Stass; Wendy Wang; Dean E Brenner Journal: J Proteome Res Date: 2009-01 Impact factor: 4.466
Authors: Y Maruyama; M Mizuguchi; T Yaginuma; M Kusaka; H Yoshida; K Yokoyama; Y Kasahara; T Hosoya Journal: Spinal Cord Date: 2008-01-22 Impact factor: 2.772
Authors: Christopher M Cirnigliaro; Michael F LaFountaine; Donald R Dengel; Tyler A Bosch; Racine R Emmons; Steven C Kirshblum; Sue Sauer; Pierre Asselin; Ann M Spungen; William A Bauman Journal: Obesity (Silver Spring) Date: 2015-08-04 Impact factor: 5.002
Authors: Caterina Mammi; Matilde Calanchini; Antonella Antelmi; Francesca Cinti; Giuseppe M C Rosano; Andrea Lenzi; Massimiliano Caprio; Andrea Fabbri Journal: Int J Endocrinol Date: 2011-12-22 Impact factor: 3.257
Authors: Jia Li; Gary R Hunter; Yuying Chen; Amie McLain; Daniel L Smith; Ceren Yarar-Fisher Journal: Arch Phys Med Rehabil Date: 2018-10-12 Impact factor: 3.966
Authors: Gary J Farkas; Alicia Sneij; David W McMillan; Eduard Tiozzo; Mark S Nash; David R Gater Journal: Br J Nutr Date: 2021-09-23 Impact factor: 4.125
Authors: Jacob A Goldsmith; Areej N Ennasr; Gary J Farkas; David R Gater; Ashraf S Gorgey Journal: Eur J Appl Physiol Date: 2021-04-23 Impact factor: 3.078
Authors: Gary J Farkas; Ashraf S Gorgey; David R Dolbow; Arthur S Berg; David R Gater Journal: Am J Phys Med Rehabil Date: 2019-11 Impact factor: 3.412
Authors: Gary J Farkas; Phillip S Gordon; Nareka Trewick; Ashraf S Gorgey; David R Dolbow; Eduard Tiozzo; Arthur S Berg; David R Gater Journal: J Clin Med Date: 2021-11-28 Impact factor: 4.241