Hydrothermal carbonization for the preparation of hydrochars from glucose, cellulose, chitin, chitosan and wood chips via low-temperature and their characterization.

In this work, the hydrothermal carbonization of glucose, cellulose, chitin, chitosan and wood chips at 200°C at processing times between 6 and 48h was studied. The carbonization degree of wood chips, cellulose and chitosan obviously increases as function of time. The heating value of glucose increases to 88% upon carbonization for 48h, while it is only 5% for chitin. It is calculated to be between 44 and 73% for wood chips, chitosan and cellulose. Glucose yielded complete formation of spherical hydrochar structures at a shorter processing time, as low as 12h. However, carbon spheres with narrow size (∼560nm) distribution were obtained upon 48h of residence time. Cellulose and wood chips yielded a similar morphology with an irregular size distribution. Chitin seemed not to undergo hydrothermal carbonization, whereas densely aggregated spheres of a uniform size around 42nm were obtained from chitosan after 18h.