Patricia A Garvie1, Sean S Brummel, Susannah M Allison, Kathleen M Malee, Claude A Mellins, Megan L Wilkins, Lynnette L Harris, E Doyle Patton, Miriam C Chernoff, Richard M Rutstein, Mary E Paul, Sharon L Nichols. 1. From the *Research Department, Children's Diagnostic & Treatment Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; †Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; ‡Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland; §Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; ¶Department of Psychiatry and Sociomedical Sciences, HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, New York; ‖Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; **Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; ††Private Practice, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; ‡‡Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; §§Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; and ¶¶Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Medication adherence is a critical but challenging developmental task for children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV). Understanding how medication responsibility, executive functions (EFs) and adaptive functioning (AF) influence adherence may help prepare adolescents for transition to adulthood. METHODS: Participants included PHIV children and adolescents 7-16 years of age enrolled in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study Adolescent Master Protocol, who were prescribed antiretroviral medications. Measures included caregiver report and child self-report measures of adherence, medication responsibility and EF, caregiver report of child AF, examiner-administered tests of EF and processing speed and demographic and health characteristics. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-six participants with PHIV (mean age: 12 years old) were 51% female, 80% black and 79% non-Hispanic. Per 7-day recall, 72% were adherent (no missed doses). Children/adolescents self-reported that 22% had sole and 55% had shared medication responsibility. Adjusted logistic models revealed significantly higher odds of adherence with sole caregiver responsibility for medication [odds ratio (OR): 4.10, confidence interval (CI): 1.43-11.8, P = 0.009], child nadir CD4% <15% (OR: 2.26, CI: 1.15-4.43, P = 0.018), better self-reported behavioral regulation (OR: 0.65, CI: 0.44-0.96, P = 0.029) and slower processing speed (OR: 0.54, CI: 0.38-0.77, P < 0.001), adjusting for demographic variables (age, race and caregiver education). CONCLUSIONS: Among children and adolescents with PHIV, continued caregiver medication management, especially during adolescence, is essential. Although global EF and AF were not significantly associated with adherence, behavioral regulation was. Given that EF and AF develop throughout adolescence, their relationships to adherence should be evaluated longitudinally, especially as youth transition to adulthood and caregiver responsibility diminishes.
BACKGROUND: Medication adherence is a critical but challenging developmental task for children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV). Understanding how medication responsibility, executive functions (EFs) and adaptive functioning (AF) influence adherence may help prepare adolescents for transition to adulthood. METHODS:Participants included PHIV children and adolescents 7-16 years of age enrolled in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study Adolescent Master Protocol, who were prescribed antiretroviral medications. Measures included caregiver report and child self-report measures of adherence, medication responsibility and EF, caregiver report of childAF, examiner-administered tests of EF and processing speed and demographic and health characteristics. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-six participants with PHIV (mean age: 12 years old) were 51% female, 80% black and 79% non-Hispanic. Per 7-day recall, 72% were adherent (no missed doses). Children/adolescents self-reported that 22% had sole and 55% had shared medication responsibility. Adjusted logistic models revealed significantly higher odds of adherence with sole caregiver responsibility for medication [odds ratio (OR): 4.10, confidence interval (CI): 1.43-11.8, P = 0.009], child nadir CD4% <15% (OR: 2.26, CI: 1.15-4.43, P = 0.018), better self-reported behavioral regulation (OR: 0.65, CI: 0.44-0.96, P = 0.029) and slower processing speed (OR: 0.54, CI: 0.38-0.77, P < 0.001), adjusting for demographic variables (age, race and caregiver education). CONCLUSIONS: Among children and adolescents with PHIV, continued caregiver medication management, especially during adolescence, is essential. Although global EF and AF were not significantly associated with adherence, behavioral regulation was. Given that EF and AF develop throughout adolescence, their relationships to adherence should be evaluated longitudinally, especially as youth transition to adulthood and caregiver responsibility diminishes.
Authors: Ann Usitalo; Erin Leister; Katherine Tassiopoulos; Susannah Allison; Kathleen Malee; Mary E Paul; Renee Smith; Russell B Van Dyke; George R Seage; Claude A Mellins Journal: AIDS Care Date: 2013-06-26
Authors: Staci Martin; Deborah K Elliott-DeSorbo; Pamela L Wolters; Mary Anne Toledo-Tamula; Gregg Roby; Steve Zeichner; Lauren V Wood Journal: Pediatr Infect Dis J Date: 2007-01 Impact factor: 2.129
Authors: Russell B Van Dyke; Sophia Lee; George M Johnson; Andrew Wiznia; Kathleen Mohan; Kenneth Stanley; Edward V Morse; Paul A Krogstad; Sharon Nachman Journal: Pediatrics Date: 2002-04 Impact factor: 7.124
Authors: Charles H Hinkin; David J Hardy; Karen I Mason; Steven A Castellon; Ramani S Durvasula; Mona N Lam; Marta Stefaniak Journal: AIDS Date: 2004-01-01 Impact factor: 4.177
Authors: C H Hinkin; S A Castellon; R S Durvasula; D J Hardy; M N Lam; K I Mason; D Thrasher; M B Goetz; M Stefaniak Journal: Neurology Date: 2002-12-24 Impact factor: 9.910
Authors: Tim Wysocki; Tonja R Nansel; Grayson N Holmbeck; Rusan Chen; Lori Laffel; Barbara J Anderson; Jill Weissberg-Benchell Journal: J Pediatr Psychol Date: 2008-12-26
Authors: Lynnette L Harris; Miriam C Chernoff; Sharon L Nichols; Paige L Williams; Patricia A Garvie; Cenk Yildirim; Stephen R McCauley; Steven Paul Woods Journal: Child Neuropsychol Date: 2017-08-07 Impact factor: 2.500
Authors: Rita V Masese; Julia V Ramos; Leonia Rugalabamu; Severa Luhanga; Aisa M Shayo; Kearsley A Stewart; Coleen K Cunningham; Dorothy E Dow Journal: J Int AIDS Soc Date: 2019-10 Impact factor: 5.396