Emilie H Zobel1, Bernt Johan von Scholten2, Henrik Reinhard2, Frederik Persson2, Tine W Hansen2, Hans-Henrik Parving3, Peter K Jacobsen4, Peter Rossing2,5,6. 1. Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Niels Steensens Vej 2, 2820, Gentofte, Denmark. emilie.hein.zobel@regionh.dk. 2. Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Niels Steensens Vej 2, 2820, Gentofte, Denmark. 3. Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 4. The Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 5. University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 6. Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The study aimed to evaluate toe-brachial index (TBI) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) as determinants of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in people with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. METHODS: This was a prospective study including 200 participants. Unadjusted and adjusted (traditional risk factors and additional inclusion of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP] and coronary artery calcification) Cox regression models were performed. C statistics and relative integrated discrimination improvement (rIDI) evaluated risk prediction improvement. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 6.1 years; 40 CVD events and 26 deaths were recorded. Lower TBI was associated with increased risk of CVD (HR per 1 SD decrease: 1.55 [95% CI 1.38, 1.68]) and all-cause mortality (1.41 [1.22, 1.60]) unadjusted and after adjustment for traditional risk factors (CVD 1.50 [1.27, 1.65] and all-cause mortality 1.37 [1.01, 1.60]). Lower ABI was a determinant of CVD (1.49 [1.32, 1.61]) and all-cause mortality (1.37 [1.09, 1.57]) unadjusted and after adjustment for traditional risk factors (CVD 1.44 [1.23, 1.59] and all-cause mortality 1.39 [1.07, 1.60]). After additional adjustment for NT-proBNP and coronary artery calcification, lower TBI remained a determinant of CVD (p = 0.023). When TBI was added to traditional risk factors, the AUC increased significantly for CVD, by 0.063 (95% CI 0.012, 0.115) from 0.743 (p = 0.016), but not for all-cause mortality; adding ABI did not improve the AUC significantly. The rIDI for TBI was 46.7% (p < 0.001) for CVD and 46.0% (p = 0.002) for all-cause mortality; for ABI, the rIDI was 51.8% (p = 0.004) for CVD and 53.6% (p = 0.031) for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS/ INTERPRETATION: Reduced TBI and ABI were associated with increased risk of CVD and all-cause mortality, independent of traditional risk factors in type 2 diabetes, and improved prognostic accuracy.
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The study aimed to evaluate toe-brachial index (TBI) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) as determinants of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in people with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. METHODS: This was a prospective study including 200 participants. Unadjusted and adjusted (traditional risk factors and additional inclusion of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP] and coronary artery calcification) Cox regression models were performed. C statistics and relative integrated discrimination improvement (rIDI) evaluated risk prediction improvement. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 6.1 years; 40 CVD events and 26 deaths were recorded. Lower TBI was associated with increased risk of CVD (HR per 1 SD decrease: 1.55 [95% CI 1.38, 1.68]) and all-cause mortality (1.41 [1.22, 1.60]) unadjusted and after adjustment for traditional risk factors (CVD 1.50 [1.27, 1.65] and all-cause mortality 1.37 [1.01, 1.60]). Lower ABI was a determinant of CVD (1.49 [1.32, 1.61]) and all-cause mortality (1.37 [1.09, 1.57]) unadjusted and after adjustment for traditional risk factors (CVD 1.44 [1.23, 1.59] and all-cause mortality 1.39 [1.07, 1.60]). After additional adjustment for NT-proBNP and coronary artery calcification, lower TBI remained a determinant of CVD (p = 0.023). When TBI was added to traditional risk factors, the AUC increased significantly for CVD, by 0.063 (95% CI 0.012, 0.115) from 0.743 (p = 0.016), but not for all-cause mortality; adding ABI did not improve the AUC significantly. The rIDI for TBI was 46.7% (p < 0.001) for CVD and 46.0% (p = 0.002) for all-cause mortality; for ABI, the rIDI was 51.8% (p = 0.004) for CVD and 53.6% (p = 0.031) for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS/ INTERPRETATION: Reduced TBI and ABI were associated with increased risk of CVD and all-cause mortality, independent of traditional risk factors in type 2 diabetes, and improved prognostic accuracy.
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