Re-evaluating Strategies to Define the Immunoregulatory Roles of miRNAs.

miRNAs play an important role in fine-tuning host immune homeostasis and responses through the regulation of mRNA stability and translation. Studies have demonstrated that miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression has a profound impact on immune cell development, function, and response to invading pathogens. As we continue to examine the mechanisms by which miRNAs maintain the balance between robust protective host immune responses and dysregulated responses that promote immune pathology, careful consideration of the complexity of post-transcriptional immune regulation is needed. Distinct tissue- and stimulus-specific RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions can modulate the functions of a given miRNA. Thus, new challenges emerge in the identification of post-transcriptional coregulatory modules and the genetic factors that impact miRNA function.