Jonathan Y Bernard1, Mya-Thway Tint2, Izzuddin M Aris3, Ling-Wei Chen4, Phaik Ling Quah3, Kok Hian Tan5, George Seow-Heong Yeo6, Marielle V Fortier7, Fabian Yap8, Lynette Shek9, Yap-Seng Chong10, Peter D Gluckman11, Keith M Godfrey12, Philip C Calder13, Mary F F Chong14, Michael S Kramer15, Jérémie Botton16, Yung Seng Lee17. 1. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), Singapore. Electronic address: jonathan_bernard@sics.a-star.edu.sg. 2. Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore. 3. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), Singapore. 4. Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 5. Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore. 6. Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore. 7. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. 8. Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. 9. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Paediatric Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore. 10. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), Singapore; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore. 11. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), Singapore; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 12. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit; Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom. 13. NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. 14. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore. 15. Department of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 16. U1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Centre (CRESS), Early Origin of the Child's Health and Development (ORCHAD) Team, Inserm, Villejuif, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Villejuif, France; Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France. 17. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Khoo Teck Puat, National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential for offspring development, but it is less clear whether pregnancy PUFA status affects growth and adiposity. METHODS: In 985 mother-offspring pairs from the ongoing Singaporean GUSTO cohort, we analyzed the associations between offspring growth and adiposity outcomes until age 5 years and five PUFAs of interest, measured in maternal plasma at 26-28 weeks' gestation: linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We measured fetal growth by ultrasound (n=924), neonatal body composition (air displacement plethysmography (n=252 at birth, and n=317 at age 10 days), and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (n=317)), postnatal growth (n=979) and skinfold thicknesses (n=981). Results were presented as regression coefficients for a 5% increase in PUFA levels. RESULTS: LA levels were positively associated with birthweight (β (95% CI): 0.04 (0.01, 0.08) kg), body mass index (0.13 (0.02, 0.25) kg/m2), head circumference (0.11 (0.03, 0.19) cm), and neonatal abdominal adipose tissue volume (4.6 (1.3, 7.8) mL for superficial subcutanous tissue, and 1.2 (0.1, 2.4) mL for internal tissue), but not with later outcomes. DHA levels, although not associated with birth outcomes, were related to higher postnatal length/height: 0.63 (0.09, 1.16) cm at 12 months and 1.29 (0.34, 2.24) cm at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: LA was positively associated with neonatal body size, and DHA with child height. Maternal PUFA status during pregnancy may influence fetal and child growth and adiposity.
BACKGROUND:Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential for offspring development, but it is less clear whether pregnancy PUFA status affects growth and adiposity. METHODS: In 985 mother-offspring pairs from the ongoing Singaporean GUSTO cohort, we analyzed the associations between offspring growth and adiposity outcomes until age 5 years and five PUFAs of interest, measured in maternal plasma at 26-28 weeks' gestation: linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We measured fetal growth by ultrasound (n=924), neonatal body composition (air displacement plethysmography (n=252 at birth, and n=317 at age 10 days), and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (n=317)), postnatal growth (n=979) and skinfold thicknesses (n=981). Results were presented as regression coefficients for a 5% increase in PUFA levels. RESULTS: LA levels were positively associated with birthweight (β (95% CI): 0.04 (0.01, 0.08) kg), body mass index (0.13 (0.02, 0.25) kg/m2), head circumference (0.11 (0.03, 0.19) cm), and neonatal abdominal adipose tissue volume (4.6 (1.3, 7.8) mL for superficial subcutanous tissue, and 1.2 (0.1, 2.4) mL for internal tissue), but not with later outcomes. DHA levels, although not associated with birth outcomes, were related to higher postnatal length/height: 0.63 (0.09, 1.16) cm at 12 months and 1.29 (0.34, 2.24) cm at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: LA was positively associated with neonatal body size, and DHA with child height. Maternal PUFA status during pregnancy may influence fetal and child growth and adiposity.
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