Caroline Roduit1, Remo Frei2, Martin Depner3, Anne M Karvonen4, Harald Renz5, Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer6, Elisabeth Schmausser-Hechfellner3, Juha Pekkanen7, Josef Riedler8, Jean-Charles Dalphin9, Erika von Mutius10, Roger Pascal Lauener11, Anne Hyvärinen4, Pirkka Kirjavainen12, Sami Remes13, Marjut Roponen14, Marie-Laure Dalphin15, Vincent Kaulek9, Markus Ege16, Jon Genuneit17, Sabina Illi18, Micahel Kabesch19, Bianca Schaub16, Petra Ina Pfefferle20, Gert Doekes21. 1. University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland2Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland. 2. Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland3Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 3. Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany. 4. Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland. 5. Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Pathobiochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany. 6. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland8University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. 7. Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland9Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 8. Children's Hospital Schwarzach, Teaching Hospital Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. 9. University of Besançon, Department of Respiratory Disease, Unités Mixtes de Recherche/Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6249 Chrono-environment, University Hospital, Besançon, France. 10. Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany12Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany. 11. Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland13Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St Gallen, Switzerland. 12. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 13. University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. 14. University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland. 15. University of Besançon, Department of Pediatrics, Besançon, France. 16. Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany. 17. Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. 18. Asthma and Allergy Research Group, University of Munich, Munich, Germany. 19. Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children's Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. 20. Comprehensive Biomaterial Bank Marburg, Marburg, Germany. 21. Utrecht University, Institue for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht, Germany.
Abstract
Importance: Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory, pruritic skin disease that often occurs in early infancy with a chronic course. However, a specific description of subtypes of atopic dermatitis depending on the timing of onset and progression of the disease in childhood is lacking. Objective: To identify different phenotypes of atopic dermatitis using a definition based on symptoms before age 6 years and to determine whether some subtypes are more at risk for developing other allergic diseases. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Protection Against Allergy Study in Rural Environments (PASTURE) is a European birth cohort where pregnant women were recruited between August 2002 and March 2005 and divided in 2 groups dependent on whether they lived on a farm. Children from this cohort with data on atopic dermatitis from birth to 6 years of age were included. Exposures: Atopic dermatitis, defined as an itchy rash on typical locations from birth to 6 years. Main Outcomes and Measures: The latent class analysis was used to identify subtypes of atopic dermatitis in childhood based on the course of symptoms. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to analyze the association between atopic dermatitis phenotypes and other allergic diseases. Results: We included 1038 children; of these, 506 were girls. The latent class analysis model with the best fit to PASTURE data separated 4 phenotypes of atopic dermatitis in childhood: 2 early phenotypes with onset before age 2 years (early transient [n = 96; 9.2%] and early persistent [n = 67; 6.5%]), the late phenotype with onset at age 2 years or older (n = 50; 4.8%), and the never/infrequent phenotype (n = 825; 79.5%), defined as children with no atopic dermatitis. Children with both parents with history of allergies were 5 times more at risk to develop atopic dermatitis with an early-persistent phenotype compared with children with parents with no history of allergies. Both early phenotypes were strongly associated with food allergy. The risk of developing asthma was significantly increased among the early-persistent phenotype (adjusted odds ratio, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.31-6.31). The late phenotype was only positively associated with allergic rhinitis. Conclusions and Relevance: Using latent class analysis, 4 phenotypes of atopic dermatitis were identified depending on the onset and course of the disease. The prevalence of asthma and food allergy by 6 years of age was strongly increased among children with early phenotypes (within age 2 years), especially with persistent symptoms. These findings are important for the development of strategies in allergy prevention.
Importance: Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory, pruritic skin disease that often occurs in early infancy with a chronic course. However, a specific description of subtypes of atopic dermatitis depending on the timing of onset and progression of the disease in childhood is lacking. Objective: To identify different phenotypes of atopic dermatitis using a definition based on symptoms before age 6 years and to determine whether some subtypes are more at risk for developing other allergic diseases. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Protection Against Allergy Study in Rural Environments (PASTURE) is a European birth cohort where pregnant women were recruited between August 2002 and March 2005 and divided in 2 groups dependent on whether they lived on a farm. Children from this cohort with data on atopic dermatitis from birth to 6 years of age were included. Exposures: Atopic dermatitis, defined as an itchy rash on typical locations from birth to 6 years. Main Outcomes and Measures: The latent class analysis was used to identify subtypes of atopic dermatitis in childhood based on the course of symptoms. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to analyze the association between atopic dermatitis phenotypes and other allergic diseases. Results: We included 1038 children; of these, 506 were girls. The latent class analysis model with the best fit to PASTURE data separated 4 phenotypes of atopic dermatitis in childhood: 2 early phenotypes with onset before age 2 years (early transient [n = 96; 9.2%] and early persistent [n = 67; 6.5%]), the late phenotype with onset at age 2 years or older (n = 50; 4.8%), and the never/infrequent phenotype (n = 825; 79.5%), defined as children with no atopic dermatitis. Children with both parents with history of allergies were 5 times more at risk to develop atopic dermatitis with an early-persistent phenotype compared with children with parents with no history of allergies. Both early phenotypes were strongly associated with food allergy. The risk of developing asthma was significantly increased among the early-persistent phenotype (adjusted odds ratio, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.31-6.31). The late phenotype was only positively associated with allergic rhinitis. Conclusions and Relevance: Using latent class analysis, 4 phenotypes of atopic dermatitis were identified depending on the onset and course of the disease. The prevalence of asthma and food allergy by 6 years of age was strongly increased among children with early phenotypes (within age 2 years), especially with persistent symptoms. These findings are important for the development of strategies in allergy prevention.
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