Imaging characteristics and surgical treatment of invasive meningioma.

In order to provide an effective way to prevent or substantially delay the recurrence of invasive meningioma, and improve the curative effect of surgical treatment, we collected and analyzed the clinical manifestations, pathological features, preoperative imaging characteristics as well the data obtained during the surgical treatment of invasive meningioma. From February 2014 to February 2016, 59 patients with invasive meningioma were enrolled in this study. Invasive meningioma was confirmed in all patients by operation. Information about clinical manifestations, pathological features, preoperative imaging and surgical treatment were collected and analyzed. After surgery, pathological specimens were collected, and cases were confirmed as invasive meningioma by pathological examination. The course of disease ranged from 15 days to 7 years (average, 13.2 months). We used World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for classification of meningioma in the nervous system tumors as our reference. Symptoms were as follows: Intracranial hypertension (29 cases), cranial nerve dysfunction (10 cases), epilepsy (11 cases) and other symptoms (9 cases). We had 56 cases of WHO grade I; 6 cases of WHO grade II and 7 cases of WHO grade III. Surgical removal was: Simpson grade I (56 cases), Simpson grade II (2 cases), Simpson grade III and above (56 cases). We used before surgery imaging data to formulate our surgical plan. In general, during surgeries we did not proceed to complete resection, because in the majority of cases, some key structures were invaded and meningioma was very deep and any attempt for total resection could easily lead to significant damage to these structures.

Introduction

Invasive meningioma is a common neoplasm of central nervous system, which can infiltrate adjacent tissues (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, vascular space and skull) without atypical hyperplasia (1,2). Meningioma comprises of ~24–30% of primary intracranial neoplasm and commonly affects females during middle or later adult life (3,4). Primary intracranial meningioma usually arises in proximity to meninges, particularly in the parasagittal meninges, falx cerebri and sphenoid sphenoid ridges (3). Currently, various methods are employed for diagnosis and evaluation of meningioma (5,6). Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have become useful diagnostic tools for accurately definition. In addition, CT and MRI imaging can also be used to determine whether meningioma is invasive or not. Invasive growth substantially increases the risk of recurrence (7–9).

In order to provide an effective way to prevent or substantially delay the recurrence of invasive meningioma, and improve the curative effect of surgical treatment, we collected and analyzed the clinical manifestations, pathological features, preoperative imaging characteristics as well the data obtained during the surgical treatment of invasive meningioma. In most cases, postoperative radiotherapy was needed to delay, or even prevent the recurrence.

Materials and methods

General materials

From February 2014 to February 2016, 59 patients with invasive meningioma were enrolled in this study. Presence of invasive meningioma was confirmed by operation. There were 43 males and 16 females (gender ratio, 2.3:1), and the age range was from 45 to 75 years (average, 55.3 years). The course of disease ranged from 15 days to 7 years (average, 13.2 months). There were 4 cases with multiple symptoms and 3 cases suffered from recurrence.

Clinical data and methods

We used World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for classification of meningioma in the nervous system tumors as our reference (10). There are 3 grades in WHO classification: Benign (grade I), atypical (grade II), and anaplastic (grade III). All situations during the operation were recorded and scope of surgical resection was determined according to Simpson classification (11).

The selection criteria

The selection basis was as follows: i) During the operation, the tumor surrounding tissues were visibly invaded by cancer cells; ii) pathological examination was performed on the tumor surrounding tissues, and presence of tumor cell infiltration was confirmed; and iii) results obtained from imaging examinations revealed that tumor cells were invading the adjacent blood vessels and adjacent nerves. Patients who complied with (i) and/or (ii) were selected and (iii) was regarded as the standard. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Weifang People's Hospital. Signed written informed consents were obtained from all participants before the study.

Clinical manifestations

Ten patients suffered from cranial nerve dysfunction with symptoms such as ocular motility disorders, visual disturbance and facial numbness. Twenty-nine patients suffered from intracranial hypertension with symptoms such as dizziness, headache and vomiting. Eleven patients suffered from epilepsy and paroxysmal tic. Nine patients were found, for first time, to have invasive meningioma after examination or postoperative re-examination.

Imaging examinations

All patients agreed to undergo skull MRI and/or CT scan examinations. MRI results showed that, on T1 weighted images, meningioma was mainly manifested as the equal signal (the majority) and low signal (the minority). High signal revealed that, on T2 weighted images, ‘pseudocapsule sign’ was seen around the tumor, significantly intensified and dural tail sign appeared after enhancement (Figs. 1–3).

Figure 1.

Meningioma was located beside the superior sagittal sinus, dural tail sign and false envelope were seen.

Figure 3.

The recurrence of meningioma after surgery.

Contrast-enhanced MRI scan results showed that the phenomenon of dural tail sign appeared in 41 cases. The results of cranial CT scan showed middle-density masses or slight hyper-density masses in all the patients, low-density masses with different sizes were found in some patients, significant and enhanced intensification appeared after imaging enhancement. Edema area was detected around the meningioma.

Before surgery, all patients underwent imaging examination. The invasion of the organizational structure around the tumor that was revealed by MRI and/or CT scan were used as the basis of imaging invasiveness. The sign of invasiveness is the presence of invasion in exterior structure and the wrapping of important blood vessels including large blood vessels (Table I). Meningioma was observed in a variety of areas such as cerebral convexity (18 cases), parasagittal region (17 cases), tentorium of cerebellum (10 cases), cerebellar hemisphere (5 cases), CPA (3 cases), petroclival region (2 cases), olfactory sulcus (1 case) and sphenoid ridge (1 case).

Table I.

The classification and location of invasive meningioma.

		Pathological classification
		WHO	WHO	WHO
The area of tumors	Cases	grade I	grade II	grade III
Cerebral convexity	18	18	0	0
Surrounding area of parasagittal region of cerebral falx	17	17	0	0
Surrounding area of transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus	8	8	0	0
Large blood and vessels	4	2	2	0
Skull	6	6	0	0
Cavernous sinus	4	4	0	0
Periorbital region	1	1	0	0
The infiltration of brain	1	0	0	1
In total	59	56	2	1

Results

Pathological examination

Pathological examination found 56 cases in WHO grade I (10). There were 20 cases of meningioma of mixed cell type, 11 cases of meningioma of meningothelial type, 9 cases of fibroblastic meningioma, 5 cases of angiomatous meningioma. We had 2 cases of WHO grade II with 1 case of meningioma of clear cell type and 1 case of meningioma of atypical meningioma. Also we had one case of anaplastic meningioma (WHO grade III).

The invasive region of meningioma

During the surgeries we found out that meningioma was invading other regions, such as cerebral convexity (18 cases), area surrounding the parasagittal region (17 cases), area surrounding transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus (8 cases), skull (6 cases), large blood vessels (4 cases), cavernous sinus (4 cases) and periorbital region (1 case). Brain tissues around the tumor were collected for pathological examination and results showed that there was 1 case of the infiltration of brain. According to the region invaded by the tumor, patients were divided into 3 grades: i) Simpson grade I (the invasive region was cerebral convexity); ii) Simpson grade II (the invasive region was venous sinus, and tumor invaded large blood vessels and cavernous sinus); and iii) Simpson grade III (Table II).

Table II.

The relationship between the invasive region and surgical resection of meningioma.

		Surgical classification
The invasive region of meningioma	Cases	Simpson grade I	Simpson grade II	Simpson grade III
Cerebral convexity	18	18	0	0
Surrounding area of parasagittal region of cerebral falx	17	4	12	1
Surrounding area of transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus	8	2	6	0
Skull	6	3	3	0
Cavernous sinus	4	0	2	2
Large blood and vessels	4	0	1	3
Periorbital region	1	0	1	0
The infiltration of brain	1	1	0	0
In total	59	56	25	6

Imaging examination

During the CT and MRI examinations, we clearly observed organizational structures around the tumor; structures such as edema around meningioma (47 cases), venous sinus invasion (17 cases), changes in bone structure (11 cases), brain tumor interfaces (16 cases), blood vessels invasion (4 cases) and exterior structure invasion (1 case) (Figs. 1–4).

Figure 4.

The recurrence of meningioma after surgery.

Other imaging characteristics such as nodular tumors (15 cases), tumors with cystic necrotic area (8 cases) and tumors with unclear border (16 cases) were also observed (Tables III and IV).

Table III.

The relationship between imaging characteristics and pathological classification.

	Pathological classification
Imaging	WHO	WHO	WHO
characteristics	grade I	grade II	grade III
The edema around meningioma	34	6	7
The invasion of venous sinus	17	0	0
The change of bone	9	0	2
The brain tumor interfaces	4	6	6
The invasion of blood and vessels	0	2	2
The invasion of exterior structure	0	1	0

Table IV.

The relationship between imaging manifestations and surgical resection.

		Surgical classification
The invasive region of meningioma	Cases	Simpson grade I	Simpson grade II	Simpson grade III	The invasive cases shown by imageological examination
Cerebral convexity	18	18	0	0	8
Surrounding area of parasagittal region of cerebral falx	17	4	12	1	11
Surrounding area of transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus	8	2	6	0	6
Skull	6	3	3	0	3
Large blood and vessels	4	0	1	2	4
Cavernous sinus	4	0	2	3	4
Periorbital region	1	0	1	0	1
The infiltration of brain	1	1	0	0	0
In total	59	56	25	6	37

Discussion

Brain tumors are divided into primary and secondary tumors. The most common sites for primary tumors are cranial nerve and meninx. Several tissues have been reported as the origin of brain tumor and among them, the most common benign brain tumor is meningioma which accounts for ~20% of all brain tumors (12,13). Invasive meningioma can invade neighboring tissues. Brain tumors are slow growing and have a prolonged latency. The most common malignant brain tumor is glioma with characteristics such as fast growth, easy recurrence and high mortality rate (14,15).

Clinical manifestations of invasive meningioma are similar to those of benign meningioma, the main symptoms are intracranial hypertension and chronic and progressive symptoms of brain damage (16,17). Our results demonstrated that the most common symptoms among our patients were intracranial hypertension (29 cases), cranial nerve dysfunction (10 cases) and epilepsy (11 cases).

In most cases, the invasive meningiomas were located in supratentorial region. The most common invasion area was cerebral convexity and the area surrounding parasagittal region (35 cases or 59.3%). The secondary invasive area were the areas surrounding the transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus (8 cases), followed by internal carotid artery, optic nerve and sponge antrum (4 cases), and finally the basilar artery and posterior cranial fossa cranial nerve (4 cases) (Tables I and II). These results were consistent with the results obtained in previous studies (18).

Prior studies revealed that pathological characteristics and classification of meningioma was closely related to the risk of tumor recurrence (19). The biological mechanisms underlying brain-invasive growth in meningioma are not completely understood. The invasive mechanism of invasive meningioma may be linked to long-term compression atrophy of cerebral cells. The confirmed diagnosis of invasive meningioma should rely on the common decision of imaging examinations, pathological examinations and intraoperative observation. Morphological diagnosis of meningioma relies on MRI and/or CT scan examinations (20).

Results obtained from prior studies showed that usual manifestation of meningioma included uniform density/signal, clear boundary, occasional hemorrhage, necrosis or cystic degeneration and calcification (21). Because of the uneven rate of tumor growth, one of the main characteristics of high invasive meningioma is the mushroom syndrome (22). Another characteristic of high invasive meningioma is the uneven density or signal and heterogeneous enhancement after contrast-enhanced scan. Due to the rapid proliferation rate, the central area of the tumor usually suffers from inadequate blood circulation, which can lead to ischemic necrosis or cystic degeneration. The necrotic area in more invasive tumors is usually larger.

Surgical resection is the preferred treatment for invasive meningioma, however it was previously reported that in 17–50% of meningioma cases, complete resection cannot be achieved. Therefore, the recurrence rate of meningioma is relatively high (23). Positive correlation among the recurrence rate of meningioma, the degree of malignancy of meningioma and the invasiveness of meningioma has been reported (24). Principle factors affecting the recurrence of meningioma were the biological characteristics of tumor and surgical resection extent (25) (Table IV).

In this study, 18 cases of meningioma with the invasive area of cerebral convexity had Simpson grade I resection. Also, we detected Simpson grade I resection in 4 cases of meningioma with invasion to venous sinus area. In 12 cases, we had Simpson grade II resection. In this study, meningioma invading vascular, nerve and cavernous sinus were identified as WHO grade I, there were 3 cases with Simpson grade II resection and 5 cases with Simpson grade III resection, while we had no case with Simpson grade I resection (Figs. 3 and 4).

In general, during surgeries we did not proceed to complete resection, because in most cases some key structures were invaded and meningioma was very deep and any attempt for total resection could easily lead to significant damage to these structures. In one case we had Simpson grade I resection, however, because tumor cells were already infiltrating the brain tissue, the surgery could not assure avoiding future recurrence. Therefore, surgery could not achieve a full remedy in the case of meningioma with high invasiveness, and postoperative radiotherapy was needed to delay, or prevent the recurrence (26,27).

In conclusion, WHO grade I invasive meningioma was the most common case among our patients, and the course of disease was relatively short. Imaging examinations performed prior to the surgery, played an important role in judging the position and invasiveness of meningioma and the formulation of our surgical plan. Surgical intervention was the preferred method of treatment for invasive meningioma. During the surgery, the comprehensive treatment of the total resection of tumor and invasive dura was conducted, and surgical treatment was combined with postoperative radiotherapy and postoperative follow-up in order to manage the recurrence.