Grace M Richter1, Mingwu Wang2, Xuejuan Jiang3, Shuang Wu1, Dandan Wang1, Mina Torres1, Farzana Choudhury1, Rohit Varma1. 1. USC Gayle and Edward Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. 2. Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson. 3. USC Gayle and Edward Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles3Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Abstract
Importance: Uncorrected refractive error (RE) is a leading cause of visual impairment, and variations in ocular anatomy determine RE. The unique ocular determinants of RE in Chinese American individuals have not been studied previously. Objective: To report ocular determinants of RE in a Chinese American population 50 years and older in Monterey Park, California. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Chinese American Eye Study, a population-based, cross-sectional study, was conducted from February 1, 2010, through October 31, 2013, in Monterey Park, with this particular data analysis performed from January 1 through December 31, 2016. This study included data from 4582 participants who underwent an eye examination to obtain axial length (AL), central corneal thickness, vitreous chamber depth (VCD), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), corneal power (CP), noncycloplegic subjective refraction, and lens nuclear opalescence (NOP) grading. Data from the right phakic eye of each participant were used. Multiple regression models (standardized regression coefficients [SRCs] and semipartial correlation coefficients squared [SPCCs2]) identified key determinants of RE. Main Outcomes and Measures: Ocular determinants of RE. Results: Among the 4071 participants eligible for analysis (1496 men [36.7%] and 2575 women [63.3%]; mean [SD] age, 60.5 [8.1] years), mean (SD) RE was -0.52 (2.95) diopters (D), with no sex-related difference. A hyperopic shift occurred in women from -0.62 (2.95) D at 50 to 59 years to 0.60 (1.62) D at 80 years or older and in men from -0.69 (3.00) D at 50 to 59 years to 0.40 (2.29) D at 80 years or older (P < .001 for both). Compared with men, women had shorter AL (mean [SD], 23.62 [1.34] vs 24.14 [1.27] mm; P = .006), shorter ACD (mean [SD], 3.33 [0.34] vs 3.44 [0.34] mm; P < .001), and steeper CP (mean [SD], 43.50 [1.52] vs 42.88 [1.45] D; P = .02), after adjusting for age and height. No sex differences were found in VCD, LT, and NOP after height adjustment. Compared with younger individuals, older individuals had shallower ACD, thicker LT, and more NOP compared with younger individuals (P < .001 for both), even after adjustment for height. Axial length was the strongest determinant of RE (SRC = -0.92; SPCC2 = 0.55), followed by CP (SRC = -0.43; SPCC2 = 0.15). When individual components of AL were evaluated, VCD had the greatest contributing effect (SRC = -0.99; SPCC2 = 0.52), followed by CP (SRC = -0.47; SPCC2 = 0.15) and LT (SRC = -0.29; SPCC2 = 0.06). Conclusions and Relevance: These data suggest that Chinese American individuals have longer AL and greater contribution of AL to RE than do Latino and other Chinese populations. Future studies should explore risk factors for increased AL in Chinese Americans and potential interventions that may ultimately prevent myopia-related disease.
Importance: Uncorrected refractive error (RE) is a leading cause of visual impairment, and variations in ocular anatomy determine RE. The unique ocular determinants of RE in Chinese American individuals have not been studied previously. Objective: To report ocular determinants of RE in a Chinese American population 50 years and older in Monterey Park, California. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Chinese American Eye Study, a population-based, cross-sectional study, was conducted from February 1, 2010, through October 31, 2013, in Monterey Park, with this particular data analysis performed from January 1 through December 31, 2016. This study included data from 4582 participants who underwent an eye examination to obtain axial length (AL), central corneal thickness, vitreous chamber depth (VCD), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), corneal power (CP), noncycloplegic subjective refraction, and lens nuclear opalescence (NOP) grading. Data from the right phakic eye of each participant were used. Multiple regression models (standardized regression coefficients [SRCs] and semipartial correlation coefficients squared [SPCCs2]) identified key determinants of RE. Main Outcomes and Measures: Ocular determinants of RE. Results: Among the 4071 participants eligible for analysis (1496 men [36.7%] and 2575 women [63.3%]; mean [SD] age, 60.5 [8.1] years), mean (SD) RE was -0.52 (2.95) diopters (D), with no sex-related difference. A hyperopic shift occurred in women from -0.62 (2.95) D at 50 to 59 years to 0.60 (1.62) D at 80 years or older and in men from -0.69 (3.00) D at 50 to 59 years to 0.40 (2.29) D at 80 years or older (P < .001 for both). Compared with men, women had shorter AL (mean [SD], 23.62 [1.34] vs 24.14 [1.27] mm; P = .006), shorter ACD (mean [SD], 3.33 [0.34] vs 3.44 [0.34] mm; P < .001), and steeper CP (mean [SD], 43.50 [1.52] vs 42.88 [1.45] D; P = .02), after adjusting for age and height. No sex differences were found in VCD, LT, and NOP after height adjustment. Compared with younger individuals, older individuals had shallower ACD, thicker LT, and more NOP compared with younger individuals (P < .001 for both), even after adjustment for height. Axial length was the strongest determinant of RE (SRC = -0.92; SPCC2 = 0.55), followed by CP (SRC = -0.43; SPCC2 = 0.15). When individual components of AL were evaluated, VCD had the greatest contributing effect (SRC = -0.99; SPCC2 = 0.52), followed by CP (SRC = -0.47; SPCC2 = 0.15) and LT (SRC = -0.29; SPCC2 = 0.06). Conclusions and Relevance: These data suggest that Chinese American individuals have longer AL and greater contribution of AL to RE than do Latino and other Chinese populations. Future studies should explore risk factors for increased AL in Chinese Americans and potential interventions that may ultimately prevent myopia-related disease.
Authors: Mingguang He; Paul J Foster; Jian Ge; Wenyong Huang; Yingfeng Zheng; David S Friedman; Pak Sang Lee; Peng T Khaw Journal: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Date: 2006-07 Impact factor: 4.799
Authors: Yuan Bo Liang; David S Friedman; Tien Yin Wong; Si Yan Zhan; Lan Ping Sun; Jie Jin Wang; Xin Rong Duan; Xiao Hui Yang; Feng Hua Wang; Qiang Zhou; Ning Li Wang Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2008-08-05 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: Seang-Mei Saw; Yiong-Huak Chan; Wan-Ling Wong; Anoop Shankar; Mya Sandar; Tin Aung; Donald T H Tan; Paul Mitchell; Tien Yin Wong Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2008-05-16 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: Sharon Yu Lin Chua; M Kamran Ikram; Chuen Seng Tan; Yung Seng Lee; Yu Ni; Cai Shirong; Peter D Gluckman; Yap-Seng Chong; Fabian Yap; Tien-Yin Wong; Cheryl S Ngo; Seang-Mei Saw Journal: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Date: 2015-12 Impact factor: 4.799
Authors: Benjamin Y Xu; Jacob Lifton; Bruce Burkemper; Xuejuan Jiang; Anmol A Pardeshi; Sasan Moghimi; Grace M Richter; Roberta McKean-Cowdin; Rohit Varma Journal: Am J Ophthalmol Date: 2020-07-28 Impact factor: 5.258