Sharon Yu Lin Chua1, M Kamran Ikram2, Chuen Seng Tan1, Yung Seng Lee3, Yu Ni4, Cai Shirong5, Peter D Gluckman6, Yap-Seng Chong7, Fabian Yap8, Tien-Yin Wong9, Cheryl S Ngo10, Seang-Mei Saw11. 1. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore, Singapore. 2. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 3School of Public Health, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore. 3. Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 5Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Nati. 4. School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. 5. Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National Health System, Singapore. 6. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore 9Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 7. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore 8Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National Health System, Singapore. 8. Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. 9. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 3School of Public Health, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore 11Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 10. Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore. 11. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore, Singapore 2Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 3School of Public Health, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the associations of near work, outdoor activity, and anthropometric risk factors with early-onset myopia in Singaporean preschool children. METHODS: Pregnant women who attended their first-trimester clinic at two major maternity units were recruited for the GUSTO birth cohort (n = 1236). Cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length (AL) were obtained in 3-year-old children (n = 572). Parents completed detailed questionnaires on parental myopia, near work, and outdoor activities when the child was 2 years of age. Height and weight were measured in the children at various time points from birth to 3 years of age. RESULTS: Among the cohort of 572 children, 35 children (6.1%) had early-onset myopia. In multivariable regression models, compared to children whose parents were not myopic, those with two myopic parents were more likely to have a more myopic spherical equivalent (SE) (regression coefficient: -0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.61 to -0.11) and longer AL (regression coefficient: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.10-0.39) and more likely to have myopia (odds ratio [OR] = 4.8; 95% CI: 1.4-16.6). Neither near work nor outdoor activity was associated with SE, AL, and myopia. Taller children were found to have longer AL at birth and at 12, 24, and 36 months, but there were no associations with SE. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic factors may have a greater contribution to early development of refractive error compared to environmental factors.
PURPOSE: To investigate the associations of near work, outdoor activity, and anthropometric risk factors with early-onset myopia in Singaporean preschool children. METHODS: Pregnant women who attended their first-trimester clinic at two major maternity units were recruited for the GUSTO birth cohort (n = 1236). Cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length (AL) were obtained in 3-year-old children (n = 572). Parents completed detailed questionnaires on parental myopia, near work, and outdoor activities when the child was 2 years of age. Height and weight were measured in the children at various time points from birth to 3 years of age. RESULTS: Among the cohort of 572 children, 35 children (6.1%) had early-onset myopia. In multivariable regression models, compared to children whose parents were not myopic, those with two myopic parents were more likely to have a more myopic spherical equivalent (SE) (regression coefficient: -0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.61 to -0.11) and longer AL (regression coefficient: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.10-0.39) and more likely to have myopia (odds ratio [OR] = 4.8; 95% CI: 1.4-16.6). Neither near work nor outdoor activity was associated with SE, AL, and myopia. Taller children were found to have longer AL at birth and at 12, 24, and 36 months, but there were no associations with SE. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic factors may have a greater contribution to early development of refractive error compared to environmental factors.
Authors: Katie M Williams; Eva Kraphol; Ekaterina Yonova-Doing; Pirro G Hysi; Robert Plomin; Christopher J Hammond Journal: Br J Ophthalmol Date: 2018-11-06 Impact factor: 4.638
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