Hyun-Tai Chung1, Jeong-Hoon Park2, Kook Jin Chun3. 1. Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea. 2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, 76508, USA. 3. Department of Accelerator Science, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Korea.
Abstract
PURPOSE: A convolution algorithm that takes into account electron-density inhomogeneity was recently introduced to calculate dose distributions for the Gamma Knife (GK) Perfexion™ treatment planning program. The accuracies of the dose distributions computed using the convolution method were assessed using an anthropomorphic phantom and film dosimetry. METHODS: Absorbed-dose distributions inside a phantom (CIRS Radiosurgery Head Phantom, Model 605) were calculated using the convolution method of the GK treatment-planning software (Leksell Gamma Plan® version 10.1; LGP) for various combinations of collimator size, location, direction of calculation plane, and number of shots. Computed tomography (CT) images of the phantom and a data set of CT number versus electron density were provided to the LGP. Calculated distributions were exported as digital-image communications in medicine-radiation therapy (DICOM-RT) files. Three types of radiochromic film (GafChromic® MD-V2-55, MD-V3, and EBT2) were irradiated inside the phantom using GK Perfexion™. Scanned images of the measured films were processed following standard radiochromic film-handling procedures. For a two-dimensional quantitative evaluation, gamma index pass rates (GIPRs) and normalized agreement-test indices (NATIs) were obtained. Image handling and index calculations were performed using a commercial software package (DoseLab Pro version 6.80). RESULTS: The film-dose calibration data were well fitted with third-order polynomials (R2 ≥ 0.9993). The mean GIPR and NATI of the 93 analyzed films were 99.3 ± 1.1% and 0.8 ± 1.3, respectively, using 3%/1.0 mm criteria. The calculated maximum doses were 4.3 ± 1.7% higher than the measured values for the 4 mm single shots and 1.8 ± 0.7% greater than those for the 8 mm single shots, whereas differences of only 0.3 ± 0.9% were observed for the 16 mm single shots. The accuracy of the calculated distribution was not statistically related to the collimator size, number of shots, or centrality of location (P > 0.05, independent-sample t-test). The plans in the axial planes exhibited poorer agreement with the measured distributions than the plans in the coronal or sagittal planes; however, their GIPR values (≥ 96.9%) were clinically acceptable. The plans for an arbitrary virtual target of volume 1.6 cm3 at an axial plane close to the top of the phantom showed the worst agreement and the greatest fluctuation (GIPR = 96.9 ± 1.2%, NATI = 3.9 ± 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: The measured accuracies of the dose distributions calculated by the convolution algorithm of the LGP were within the clinically acceptable range (GIPR ≥ 96.9%) for various configurations of collimator size, location, direction of calculation plane, and number of shots. Due to the intrinsic asymmetry in the dose distribution along the z-axis, the treatment plan should also be verified in coronal or sagittal plane.
PURPOSE: A convolution algorithm that takes into account electron-density inhomogeneity was recently introduced to calculate dose distributions for the Gamma Knife (GK) Perfexion™ treatment planning program. The accuracies of the dose distributions computed using the convolution method were assessed using an anthropomorphic phantom and film dosimetry. METHODS: Absorbed-dose distributions inside a phantom (CIRS Radiosurgery Head Phantom, Model 605) were calculated using the convolution method of the GK treatment-planning software (Leksell Gamma Plan® version 10.1; LGP) for various combinations of collimator size, location, direction of calculation plane, and number of shots. Computed tomography (CT) images of the phantom and a data set of CT number versus electron density were provided to the LGP. Calculated distributions were exported as digital-image communications in medicine-radiation therapy (DICOM-RT) files. Three types of radiochromic film (GafChromic® MD-V2-55, MD-V3, and EBT2) were irradiated inside the phantom using GK Perfexion™. Scanned images of the measured films were processed following standard radiochromic film-handling procedures. For a two-dimensional quantitative evaluation, gamma index pass rates (GIPRs) and normalized agreement-test indices (NATIs) were obtained. Image handling and index calculations were performed using a commercial software package (DoseLab Pro version 6.80). RESULTS: The film-dose calibration data were well fitted with third-order polynomials (R2 ≥ 0.9993). The mean GIPR and NATI of the 93 analyzed films were 99.3 ± 1.1% and 0.8 ± 1.3, respectively, using 3%/1.0 mm criteria. The calculated maximum doses were 4.3 ± 1.7% higher than the measured values for the 4 mm single shots and 1.8 ± 0.7% greater than those for the 8 mm single shots, whereas differences of only 0.3 ± 0.9% were observed for the 16 mm single shots. The accuracy of the calculated distribution was not statistically related to the collimator size, number of shots, or centrality of location (P > 0.05, independent-sample t-test). The plans in the axial planes exhibited poorer agreement with the measured distributions than the plans in the coronal or sagittal planes; however, their GIPR values (≥ 96.9%) were clinically acceptable. The plans for an arbitrary virtual target of volume 1.6 cm3 at an axial plane close to the top of the phantom showed the worst agreement and the greatest fluctuation (GIPR = 96.9 ± 1.2%, NATI = 3.9 ± 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: The measured accuracies of the dose distributions calculated by the convolution algorithm of the LGP were within the clinically acceptable range (GIPR ≥ 96.9%) for various configurations of collimator size, location, direction of calculation plane, and number of shots. Due to the intrinsic asymmetry in the dose distribution along the z-axis, the treatment plan should also be verified in coronal or sagittal plane.