"Allergic mood" - Depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) and their association to inflammatory, endocrine, and allergic markers.

A growing number of studies show an association between seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) with depression and anxiety. The underlying mechanisms of a link between SAR and affect, however, are still unclear. The objective of the present study was to investigate depressive symptoms and anxiety in SAR patients and their association to inflammatory and endocrine parameters. SAR patients (n=41) and non-allergic, healthy controls (n=42) were assessed during (pollen season) and out of symptomatic periods (non-pollen season). Inflammatory cytokine profile (Interleukin [IL]-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α), Immunoglobulin-E (IgE), hair cortisol concentrations (HCC), as well as sleep quality were measured. The present data show that during acute allergic inflammation SAR patients experienced a significant increase in Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-) II scores when (a) compared to the asymptomatic period and (b) when compared to the non-allergic controls, while no differences in anxiety were observed. Increased BDI-II scores in SAR patients were significantly associated with levels of IL-6 as well as IL-6/IL-10 and IFN-γ/IL-10 ratios and further, to an early age at manifestation of SAR and poor sleep quality. These findings support a close relationship between acute allergic processes and affective states, with inflammatory cytokines, sleep, and age of manifestation as potentially relevant mediators.