Sobha Sivaprasad1, A Toby Prevost2, Joana C Vasconcelos2, Amy Riddell3, Caroline Murphy3, Joanna Kelly3, James Bainbridge4, Rhiannon Tudor-Edwards5, David Hopkins6, Philip Hykin7. 1. National Institute for Health Research, Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. Electronic address: Sobha.sivaprasad@moorfields.nhs.uk. 2. Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. 3. King's Clinical Trials Unit at King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, UK. 4. University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. 5. Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK. 6. Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. 7. National Institute for Health Research, Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of severe sight impairment in people with diabetes. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy has been managed by panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) for the past 40 years. We report the 1 year safety and efficacy of intravitreal aflibercept. METHODS: In this phase 2b, single-blind, non-inferiority trial (CLARITY), adults (aged ≥18 years) with type 1 or 2 diabetes and previously untreated or post-laser treated active proliferative diabetic retinopathy were recruited from 22 UK ophthalmic centres. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to repeated intravitreal aflibercept (2 mg/0·05 mL at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks, and from week 12 patients were reviewed every 4 weeks and aflibercept injections were given as needed) or PRP standard care (single spot or mutlispot laser at baseline, fractionated fortnightly thereafter, and from week 12 patients were assessed every 8 weeks and treated with PRP as needed) for 52 weeks. Randomisation was by minimisation with a web-based computer generated system. Primary outcome assessors were masked optometrists. The treating ophthalmologists and participants were not masked. The primary outcome was defined as a change in best-corrected visual acuity at 52 weeks with a linear mixed-effect model that estimated adjusted treatment effects at both 12 weeks and 52 weeks, having excluded fluctuations in best corrected visual acuity owing to vitreous haemorrhage. This modified intention-to-treat analysis was reapplied to the per protocol participants. The non-inferiority margin was prespecified as -5 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters. Safety was assessed in all participants. This trial is registered with ISRCTN registry, number 32207582. FINDINGS: We recruited 232 participants (116 per group) between Aug 22, 2014 and Nov 30, 2015. 221 participants (112 in aflibercept group, 109 in PRP group) contributed to the modified intention-to-treat model, and 210 participants (104 in aflibercept group and 106 in PRP group) within per protocol. Aflibercept was non-inferior and superior to PRP in both the modified intention-to-treat population (mean best corrected visual acuity difference 3·9 letters [95% CI 2·3-5·6], p<0·0001) and the per-protocol population (4·0 letters [2·4-5·7], p<0·0001). There were no safety concerns. The 95% CI adjusted difference between groups was more than the prespecified acceptable margin of -5 letters at both 12 weeks and 52 weeks. INTERPRETATION:Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy who were treated with intravitreal aflibercept had an improved outcome at 1 year compared with those treated with PRP standard care. FUNDING: The Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme, a Medical Research Council and National Institute for Health Research partnership.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of severe sight impairment in people with diabetes. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy has been managed by panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) for the past 40 years. We report the 1 year safety and efficacy of intravitreal aflibercept. METHODS: In this phase 2b, single-blind, non-inferiority trial (CLARITY), adults (aged ≥18 years) with type 1 or 2 diabetes and previously untreated or post-laser treated active proliferative diabetic retinopathy were recruited from 22 UK ophthalmic centres. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to repeated intravitreal aflibercept (2 mg/0·05 mL at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks, and from week 12 patients were reviewed every 4 weeks and aflibercept injections were given as needed) or PRP standard care (single spot or mutlispot laser at baseline, fractionated fortnightly thereafter, and from week 12 patients were assessed every 8 weeks and treated with PRP as needed) for 52 weeks. Randomisation was by minimisation with a web-based computer generated system. Primary outcome assessors were masked optometrists. The treating ophthalmologists and participants were not masked. The primary outcome was defined as a change in best-corrected visual acuity at 52 weeks with a linear mixed-effect model that estimated adjusted treatment effects at both 12 weeks and 52 weeks, having excluded fluctuations in best corrected visual acuity owing to vitreous haemorrhage. This modified intention-to-treat analysis was reapplied to the per protocol participants. The non-inferiority margin was prespecified as -5 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters. Safety was assessed in all participants. This trial is registered with ISRCTN registry, number 32207582. FINDINGS: We recruited 232 participants (116 per group) between Aug 22, 2014 and Nov 30, 2015. 221 participants (112 in aflibercept group, 109 in PRP group) contributed to the modified intention-to-treat model, and 210 participants (104 in aflibercept group and 106 in PRP group) within per protocol. Aflibercept was non-inferior and superior to PRP in both the modified intention-to-treat population (mean best corrected visual acuity difference 3·9 letters [95% CI 2·3-5·6], p<0·0001) and the per-protocol population (4·0 letters [2·4-5·7], p<0·0001). There were no safety concerns. The 95% CI adjusted difference between groups was more than the prespecified acceptable margin of -5 letters at both 12 weeks and 52 weeks. INTERPRETATION:Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy who were treated with intravitreal aflibercept had an improved outcome at 1 year compared with those treated with PRP standard care. FUNDING: The Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme, a Medical Research Council and National Institute for Health Research partnership.
Authors: Jennifer K Sun; Adam R Glassman; Wesley T Beaulieu; Cynthia R Stockdale; Neil M Bressler; Christina Flaxel; Jeffrey G Gross; Michel Shami; Lee M Jampol Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2018-08-07 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: Zoe L Grant; Lachlan Whitehead; Vickie Hy Wong; Zheng He; Richard Y Yan; Abigail R Miles; Andrew V Benest; David O Bates; Claudia Prahst; Katie Bentley; Bang V Bui; Robert Ca Symons; Leigh Coultas Journal: J Clin Invest Date: 2020-08-03 Impact factor: 14.808
Authors: Nicolas A Yannuzzi; Jayanth Sridhar; Jonathan S Chang; James Lin; Ajay E Kuriyan; William E Smiddy Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2018-03-20 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: Susan B Bressler; Wesley T Beaulieu; Adam R Glassman; Jeffrey G Gross; Michele Melia; Eric Chen; Michael R Pavlica; Lee M Jampol Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2018-07-03 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: Sarah R Dawson; Emma Linton; Kris Beicher; Richard Gale; Praveen Patel; Faruque Ghanchi; Michael W Beresford; Vanessa Poustie; Usha Chakravarthy; Rupert R A Bourne Journal: Eye (Lond) Date: 2018-11-20 Impact factor: 3.775