Ryan E K Man1, Anuradha R Veerappan1, Shu-Pei Tan1, Eva K Fenwick2, Charumathi Sabanayagam3, Jacqueline Chua4, Yuan-Yuh Leong5, Tien Yin Wong6, Ecosse L Lamoureux6, Ching-Yu Cheng6, Louis Tong7. 1. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore. 2. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Australia; Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 3. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore. 4. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 5. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 6. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 7. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: louis.tong.h.t@snec.com.sg.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of symptomatic dry eye disease (SDED) and associated risk factors in a well-characterized cohort of ethnic Malays in Singapore. METHODS: We included 1682 participants (mean age [SD]: 57 [10]years; 55.4% female) without SDED from the Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES), a population-based longitudinal study with baseline examination (SiMES-1) conducted between 2004 and 2006, and follow-up examination (SiMES-2) conducted between 2010 and 2013. SDED was considered to be present if a participant answered "often" or "all the time" to any of the six questions from the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study dry eye questionnaire. Age-standardized incidence of SDED was calculated as the crude 6-year cumulative incidence standardized to Singapore's population census. Gender-stratified multivariable log-binomial regression models were utilized to determine the independent risk factors of incident SDED. RESULTS: At the 6-year follow-up, 86 of 1682 participants had developed SDED, which was equivalent to an age-standardized 6-year incidence of 5.1% (95% CI 4.1-6.4%). There were no differences in the incidence of SDED between men and women (P = 0.9). Multivariable models revealed that presence of glaucoma and poorer self-rated health were independently associated with incident SDED in men (P = 0.003 and 0.03, respectively), while contact lens wear (P = 0.002), history of thyroid disease (P = 0.03), and having had cataract surgery (P = 0.02) were predictive of incident SDED in women. CONCLUSION: One in twenty adult Malays developed SDED over a 6-year period. Risk factors for incident SDED were different between men and women. Future studies and public health interventions should consider this gender-specific difference in risk factors.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of symptomatic dry eye disease (SDED) and associated risk factors in a well-characterized cohort of ethnic Malays in Singapore. METHODS: We included 1682 participants (mean age [SD]: 57 [10]years; 55.4% female) without SDED from the Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES), a population-based longitudinal study with baseline examination (SiMES-1) conducted between 2004 and 2006, and follow-up examination (SiMES-2) conducted between 2010 and 2013. SDED was considered to be present if a participant answered "often" or "all the time" to any of the six questions from the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study dry eye questionnaire. Age-standardized incidence of SDED was calculated as the crude 6-year cumulative incidence standardized to Singapore's population census. Gender-stratified multivariable log-binomial regression models were utilized to determine the independent risk factors of incident SDED. RESULTS: At the 6-year follow-up, 86 of 1682 participants had developed SDED, which was equivalent to an age-standardized 6-year incidence of 5.1% (95% CI 4.1-6.4%). There were no differences in the incidence of SDED between men and women (P = 0.9). Multivariable models revealed that presence of glaucoma and poorer self-rated health were independently associated with incident SDED in men (P = 0.003 and 0.03, respectively), while contact lens wear (P = 0.002), history of thyroid disease (P = 0.03), and having had cataract surgery (P = 0.02) were predictive of incident SDED in women. CONCLUSION: One in twenty adult Malays developed SDED over a 6-year period. Risk factors for incident SDED were different between men and women. Future studies and public health interventions should consider this gender-specific difference in risk factors.
Authors: Jia-Yu Zhong; Yuan-Chieh Lee; Chia-Jung Hsieh; Chun-Chieh Tseng; Lih-Ming Yiin Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2018-10-16 Impact factor: 3.390