Cancer-on-a-chip systems at the frontier of nanomedicine.

Nanomedicine provides a unique opportunity for promoting drug efficacy through enhanced delivery mechanisms. However, its translation into the clinics has been relatively slow compared with the large amount of research occurring in laboratory settings. Given the limitations of conventional cell culture models and preclinical animal models, we discuss the potential utility of recently developed cancer-on-a-chip platforms, which maximally replicate the pathophysiology of the human tumor microenvironments, as alternatives for effective evaluation of nanomedicine. We begin with a brief discussion of nanomedicine, then chart the history of organ-on-a-chip platform development and their recent evolution as tools for modeling different cancers for assessing nanomedicine efficacy, concluding with future perspectives for the field.