Annemarie Ruijsbroek1, Sigrid M Mohnen2, Mariël Droomers3, Hanneke Kruize4, Christopher Gidlow5, Regina Gražulevičiene6, Sandra Andrusaityte6, Jolanda Maas7, Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen8,9,10, Margarita Triguero-Mas8,9,10, Daniel Masterson5, Naomi Ellis5, Elise van Kempen4, Wim Hardyns11,12, Karien Stronks3, Peter P Groenewegen13,14. 1. Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Annemarie.ruijsbroek@rivm.nl. 2. Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. 3. Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 4. Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. 5. Centre for Sport, Health and Exercise Research, Staffordshire University, Staffordshire, UK. 6. Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas, Kaunas, Lithuania. 7. Department of Social and Organisational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Vrije Universiteit (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 8. Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain. 9. University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. 10. CIBER Epidemiology y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain. 11. Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. 12. Faculty of Law, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. 13. NIVEL (Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research), Utrecht, The Netherlands. 14. Department of Human Geography and Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study examines the relationship between neighbourhood green space, the neighbourhood social environment (social cohesion, neighbourhood attachment, social contacts), and mental health in four European cities. METHODS: The PHENOTYPE study was carried out in 2013 in Barcelona (Spain), Stoke-on-Trent (United Kingdom), Doetinchem (The Netherlands), and Kaunas (Lithuania). 3771 adults living in 124 neighbourhoods answered questions on mental health, neighbourhood social environment, and amount and quality of green space. Additionally, audit data on neighbourhood green space were collected. Multilevel regression analyses examined the relation between neighbourhood green space and individual mental health and the influence of neighbourhood social environment. RESULTS: Mental health was only related to green (audit) in Barcelona. The amount and quality of neighbourhood green space (audit and perceived) were related to social cohesion in Doetinchem and Stoke-on-Trent and to neighbourhood attachment in Doetinchem. In all four cities, mental health was associated with social contacts. CONCLUSIONS: Neighbourhood green was related to mental health only in Barcelona. Though neighbourhood green was related to social cohesion and attachment, the neighbourhood social environment seems not the underlying mechanism for this relationship.
OBJECTIVES: This study examines the relationship between neighbourhood green space, the neighbourhood social environment (social cohesion, neighbourhood attachment, social contacts), and mental health in four European cities. METHODS: The PHENOTYPE study was carried out in 2013 in Barcelona (Spain), Stoke-on-Trent (United Kingdom), Doetinchem (The Netherlands), and Kaunas (Lithuania). 3771 adults living in 124 neighbourhoods answered questions on mental health, neighbourhood social environment, and amount and quality of green space. Additionally, audit data on neighbourhood green space were collected. Multilevel regression analyses examined the relation between neighbourhood green space and individual mental health and the influence of neighbourhood social environment. RESULTS: Mental health was only related to green (audit) in Barcelona. The amount and quality of neighbourhood green space (audit and perceived) were related to social cohesion in Doetinchem and Stoke-on-Trent and to neighbourhood attachment in Doetinchem. In all four cities, mental health was associated with social contacts. CONCLUSIONS: Neighbourhood green was related to mental health only in Barcelona. Though neighbourhood green was related to social cohesion and attachment, the neighbourhood social environment seems not the underlying mechanism for this relationship.
Keywords:
Green; Mental health; Neighbourhood; Social environment
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