The genus Alaolacon Candèze, a senior synonym of the genus Eumoeus Candèze (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Agrypninae).

Alaolacon Candèze, 1865 is found to be a senior synonym of Eumoeus Candèze, 1874, Luzonicus Fleutiaux, 1916 and Tharopsides Fleutiaux, 1918. Alaolacon is represented by Alaolacon bakeri (Fleutiaux, 1916), comb. n., Alaolacon candezei Fleutiaux, 1928, Alaolacon cyanipennis Candèze, 1865, Alaolacon fujiokaisp. n., Alaolacon griseus Candèze, 1874, Alaolacon megalopussp. n., Alaolacon murrayi (Candèze, 1874), comb. n., and Alaolacon philippinensisnom. n. This genus is redescribed based on the descriptions of three species, Alaolacon candezei, Alaolacon fujiokai, and Alaolacon megalopus as well as the examination of the holotypes of Alaolacon cyanipennis and Alaolacon murrayi comb. n. Males of the genus Alaolacon exhibit 12-segmented and biflabellate antennae, and the females exhibit 11-segmented and subpectinate antennae. A key to species is provided.

Introduction

Candèze (1865) established the monotypic genus for from the Peninsular Malaysia. Candèze, 1874 from Thailand and Fleutiaux, 1928 from Banggi Island, Malaysia (near Borneo) were described later. All specimens described in this genus were females, with 11-segmented and subpectinate antennae, and the males were undescribed. Candèze (1874) established genus for one species, , from India from a male with 12-segmented and biflabellate antennae. He argued that was similar to , although they had extremely different antennae, and suggested that should be combined with if its male had biflabellate antennae.

Fleutiaux (1916) established , containing only from the Philippines, from a female specimen with 11-segmented and moniliform antennae. Fleutiaux (1918) later established including two species, and from Thailand and the Philippines respectively, from males possessing 12-segmented and biflabellate antennae. Fleutiaux (1940) stated that was a junior homonym of Hübner, 1816 of , and used as the replacement name. Fleutiaux (1947) subsequently stated that was a junior synonym for , and that antennal differences were sexual dimorphism. However, Casari-Chen (1993, 1994) and Casari (2008) treated as a valid name and a monotypic genus, making no mention about the treatments of Fleutiaux (1940, 1947). This paper reviews the taxonomy of these four genera of and of five of eight included species in order to resolve this confusion.

Materials

Depositories of the type specimens and non-type specimens examined are as follows:

BMNH

The Natural History Museum, London

MNHN

Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (Edmond Fleutiaux collection)

IRSNB

Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels

ELKU

Entomological Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka

A generic description of was made from the study of the type specimens of Candèze, 1865, Fleutiaux, 1928, (Candèze, 1874) comb. n. (= ) and two new species described here. Species descriptions of and are not provided as they are adequately described in Casari-Chen (1993).

We could not find the types of two species, (Fleutiaux, 1916), comb. n. (= ) and comb. n. (= Fleutiaux, 1918) in the collections of BMNH, IRSNB nor the MNHN and have not examined these species. It was not possible to prepare a description of Candèze, 1874.

Methods

Photographs of specimens were taken by a single-lens reflex camera (Canon EOS 70D) with a macro lens (Canon macro photo lens MP-E 65mm), and then images taken in a series of focal planes were combined using CombineZM 1.0.0 software (Alan Hadley, United Kingdom). Micrographs were prepared using a scanning electron microscope (SEM: Hitachi S-3000N) without gold coating.

Most structures were observed under a stereo microscope (Olympus-SZX9). Measurements are in millimeters and were made with a micro ruler (MR-2, Kenis Limited, Ôsaka; minimum scale value: 0.05 mm). Specimens were softened in warm water. The pregenital segments and genitalia extracted from the abdomen were soaked in 10% KOH solution (room temperature, male: 2 hours, female: 48 hours). The parts were cleaned in 30% ethanol (10 min) and dehydrated in 99.5% ethanol (5 min) and then mounted in glycerin on microscope slides, except the female genitalia, which were examined in water and then mounted in glycerin. A transmission microscope (Nikon Y-IDT) with a camera lucida was used to examine slides and for drawing. Morphological terminology follows Calder (1996), and Casari-Chen (1993) and Costa et al. (2010) in part. Photographs and drawings were edited with image editing software (Adobe Photoshop 7.0).

The following abbreviations are used:

BL

body length from head to elytral apices

BW

the maximum body width

MIE

the minimum distance between the eyes

MAE

the maximum distance across the eyes

OI

Ocular index: MIE/MAE × 100

PL

the maximum pronotum length including posterior angles

PML

length of the midline of pronotum

PW

the maximum pronotum width including posterior angles

PI

Pronotam index: PL/PW × 100

EL

the maximum elytra length

EW

the maximum elytra width

EI

Elytra index: EL/EW × 100

Taxonomy

Candèze, 1865

Candèze, 1865: 13 (original description; type species:

Candèze, 1874: 113 (original description; type species:

Fleutiaux, 1916: 232 (original description; type species:

Fleutiaux, 1918: 235 (original description; type species:

Diagnosis.

Setae flat, wider at midlength than base, with longitudinal micro carinae (Figs 36, 37); interspaces between punctures greater than puncture diameter except for narrower interspaces on head and pronotum; supra-antennal carinae not continuous across frons; frontoclypeal region gradually sloping to base of labrum; antennae 12-segmented and biflabellate in male (Figs 23, 42) or 11-segmented and subpectinate in females (Fig. 5); mandibles bidentate; hypomeron with mesal edge with impunctate ridge next to prosternal suture and carinate anterolaterad (Figs 8, 26, 45: arrow), posterior edge with two angles near mid-length (Figs 9, 27, 46: arrows); scutellum widest posteriorly or with parallel sides; elytral intervals convex; hind wings with vein r4 translucent (Figs 11, 29, 48); parameres of male aedeagus not fused and without acute lateral subapical barb (Figs 34, 35, 53, 54).

Figures 36, 37.

sp. n., male, holotype, setae of elytra. 36 median part 37 apical part.

Figures 22–29.

sp. n., male, holotype. 22 head and pronotum, anterolateral view 23 right antenna, dorsal view 24 mouth-parts 25 prosternal process, lateral view 26 anterior angle of hypomeron (arrow: mesal edge carinate anterolaterad) 27 posterior part of hypomeron and mesothorax, ventral view (arrows: posterior margin with two angles) 28 scutellum 29 right hind wing (arrow: cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 located anterad to contact point between veins MP3 and MP4).

Figures 41–48.

sp. n., male, holotype. 41 head and pronotum, anterolateral view 42 right antenna, dorsal view 43 mouth-parts 44 prosternal process, lateral view 45 anterior angle of hypomeron (arrow: mesal edge carinate anterolaterad) 46 posterior part of hypomeron and mesothorax, ventral view (arrows: posterior margin with two angles) 47 scutellum 48 right hind wing.

Figures 4–11.

Fleutiaux, 1928, female, holotype. 4 head and pronotum, anterolateral view 5 right antenna, anterior side (dotted line: apical half part of antennomere XI thinner than its basal half part) 6 mouth-parts 7 prosternal process, lateral view 8 anterior angle of hypomeron (arrow: mesal edge carinate anterolaterad) 9 posterior part of hypomeron and mesothorax, ventral view (arrows: posterior margin with two angles) 10 scutellum 11 right hind wing (arrow: cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 located at contact point between veins MP3 and MP4).

Figures 30–35.

sp. n., male, holotype. 30 tergite VIII 31 sternite VIII 32 tergites IX–X 33 sternites IX–X 34 aedeagus, dorsal view 35 ditto, ventral view.

Figures 49–54.

sp. n., male, holotype. 49 tergite VIII 50 sternite VIII 51 tergites IX–X 52 sternites IX–X 53 aedeagus, dorsal view 54 aedeagus, ventral view.

Redescription.

Adult. Body (Figs 1, 17, 20, 38, 55) 11–24 mm; surface smooth, with or without metallic luster on elytra; interspaces between punctures greater than puncture diameter except for narrower interspaces on head and pronotum. Vestiture. Setae flat, wider at midlength than base, with longitudinal micro carinae (Fig. 36); carinae converge at apex, apices acute or transverse (Fig. 37). . Antennomeres III–XII with setae filiform ventrally.

Figures 1–3.

Fleutiaux, 1928, female, holotype. 1 habitus, dorsal view 2 ditto, ventral view 3 data labels.

Figures 17–19.

Candèze, 1865, female, lectotype 17 habitus, dorsal view 18 right hind wing 19 data labels and body parts.

Figures 20, 21.

sp. n., male, holotype. 20 habitus, dorsal view 21 ditto, ventral view.

Figures 38–40.

sp. n., male, holotype. 38 habitus, dorsal view 39 ditto, ventral view 40 data labels.

Figures 55–58.

(Candèze, 1874), comb. n., male, holotype. 55 habitus, dorsal view 56 head, pronotum and scutellum 57 aedeagus, ventral view 58 data labels.

Head (Figs 4, 22, 41) depressed longitudinal medially, depression becoming narrow and shallow posteriorly. Frontal depression moderate (Figs 4, 41) to deep PageBreak(Figs 22, 56). Eyes small to very large (OI: 44–74). Supra-antennal carina not continuous across frons. Frontoclypeal region gradually sloping to base of labrum. Labrum subtrapezoidal; anterior angles rounded. Antennae not reaching pronotum posterior lateral apices; antennomere I cylindrical; antennomere II shortest. (Figs 23, 42). 12-segmented; antennomeres III–XI biflabellate; antennomere XII blade-like. (Fig. 5). 11-segmented; antennomere III subpectinate to trapezoidal, longer than wide (1.2–1.4 × as long as wide); antennomeres IV-X pectinate, shorter than wide (less than 0.6 × as long as wide); antennomere XI elliptical. Mandibles bidentate (Fig. 6). Labium (Figs 6, 24, 43); mentum membranous in anterior part; prementum widest anteriorly, with anterior margin fringed with short setae. Apical maxillary palpomere 1.3–1.8 × as long as wide.

Prothorax shorter to longer than wide, widest posteriorly or at mid-length. Pronotum with anterior angle bisinuate (Figs 1, 17, 20, 56) or rounded (Fig. 38); hind angles unicarinate; median longitudinal depression present extending at almost all pronotal length (Figs 4, 22, 56) or at pronotal anterior half (Fig. 41). Hypomeron concave; impunctate posterad; anterior angles rounded (Fig. 8) to acute (Figs 26, 45); external margins of depressions for reception of forelegs not carinate; mesal edge with elevated impunctate ridge next to prosternal suture, carinate anterolaterad (Figs 8, 26, 45: arrow); posterior edge with two angles near midlength (Figs 9, 27, 46: arrows). Prosternum produced forwards, exceeding anterior angles of pronotum; prosternal spine inclined dorsally behind procoxae weakly (at less than 10 degrees, Fig. 7) to strongly (more than 10 degrees, Figs 25, 44).

Mesothorax. Scutellum longer than wide; anterior margin straight, well defined by wrinkled band; sides concave or straight, widest posteriorly (Figs 10, 28, 56) or parallel (Fig. 47); rounded posterad. Mesosternum and metasternum not fused. Mesosternal cavity with median shiny band formed by dense yellow setae (Fig. 2, 21, 39). Mesepisternum centrally impunctate. Mesepisternum and mesepimeron reaching mesocoxal cavity. Metasternum with shallow median longitudinal groove. Elytra with striae impressed and with punctures; apex rounded. Hind wings with vein r4 translucent; bear or lack wedge cell; cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2, located at contact point between veins MP3 and MP4 (Figs 11, 18), or anterad to the contact point (Figs 29, 48). Legs with simple tarsomeres and tarsal claws. Tibial spurs present. Tarsomeres II-IV short, tarsomere V longest.

Abdomen. Terigite VIII shorter than wide (Fig. 30) or longer than wide (Fig. 49). Sternite VIII (Figs 31, 50) wide-rectangular. Tergite IX (Figs 32, 51) wide; posterior margin notched medially. Tergite × (Figs 32, 51) semicircular. Sternite × attached to sternite IX (Figs 33, 52). Tergite VIII (Fig. 12) truncate apically. Sternite VIII (Fig. 13) with spiculum ventrale robust, with apex concave or rounded.

Figures 12–16.

Fleutiaux, 1928, female, holotype. 12 tergite VIII 13 sternite VIII, ventral view and tergite VIII, dorsal view 14 genitalia, dorsal view 15 coxites, dorsal view 16 vagina and bursa copulatrix, dorsal view (arrow: bursa copulatrix with three short sacs).

Genitalia. Aedeagus (Figs 34, 35, 53, 54, 57) with parameres unfused, without acute lateral subapical barb, with apical parts expanded elliptically. Ovipositor (Fig. 14) stout. Coxites (Figs 15) without styli. Vagina and bursa copulatrix without sclerotized structures (Figs 16).

Larvae and pupae.

Unknown.

Distribution.

Oriental Region: India, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo), the Philippines (Mindanao Is., Luzon Is.).

Bionomics.

Nothing is known of the life history and ecology.

Fleutiaux, 1928

Figures 1–3 , 4–11 , 12–16

Fleutiaux, 1928: 177 (original description; type locality: Malaysia, East Malaysia (Sabah), Banggi Island).

Type material.

Holotype. Female, Banggi Island (located off the northern coast of Borneo), Sabah, Malaysia, Waterstradt leg. [MNHN] (Fig. 3). Label data: “TYPE”; [female symbol]; “Banguey/ Borneo/ Waterstradt” “= Cand.?/ Collection FLEUTIAUX”; “/ / Fleut. type/ Collection FLEUTIAUX”; “/ Fleut./ COLLECTION FLEUTIAUX”; “Muséum paris/ Coll./ E. Fleutiaux”.

Body black, elytra blue and with metallic luster, legs red-black; setae white; frontal depression moderate; eye small; female antennomere III subpectinate, 1.2 × as long as wide; prothorax almost as long as wide, widest posteriorly; pronotum with anterior angles bisinuate, median longitudinal depression shallow, not reaching anterior margin or base, punctate; anterior angles of hypomeron rounded; prosternal spine inclined weakly behind procoxae; scutellum concave laterally, widest near posterior 2/5; hind wings without wedge cell, with cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 located at contact point between veins MP3 and MP4; female sternite VIII with apex concave.

Measurements.

BL: 24.0, BW: 8.35, MIE: 2.56, MAE: 3.47, OI: 74, PL: 7.64, PML: 6.67; PW: 7.70, PI: 99, EL: 15.7, EW: 8.35, EI: 188.

Redescription of female.

Body (Figs 1, 2) shiny; elytra with weak metallic luster. Color. Body black; mouth-parts brown, mandible black, galea and lacinia orange; elytra black-blue; pronotosternal sutures and legs red-black; tarsal claws yellow-brown. Hairs. Body covered with white flatted setae; antennomere I and legs with intermixed brown and white setae; antennomeres II-XI with brown setae. (Most setae of elytra lost.)

Head. Frontal depression moderate (Fig. 4). Eyes small. Antennomere II conical; antennomere III longest, subpectinate, 1.2 × as long as wide, 3.0 × times as long as II; apical half part of antennomere XI thinner than its basal half part (Fig. 5: dotted line). Apical maxillary palpomere 1.6 × as long as wide (Fig. 6).

Prothorax almost as long as wide, widest posteriorly; hind angles straight posteriorly. Pronotum with anterior angle bisinuate; median longitudinal depression shallow, not reaching anterior margin or base, punctate. Hypomeron with anterior angles rounded (Fig. 8). Prosternal spine inclined weakly (at 8 degrees) behind procoxae (Fig. 7). Scutellum (Fig. 10) 1.2 × as long as wide, concave laterally, widest near posterior 2/5. Hind wings with cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 apparent, not completely connected with CuA2, located at contact point between veins MP3 and MP4 (Fig. 11: arrow); wedge cell absent. Elytra widest on basal half; intervals with uniformly small punctures.

Abdomen. Ventrite V 0.59 × as long as wide. Tergite VIII (Fig. 12) truncate apically. Sternite VIII (Fig. 13) widest at apical 1/3, apex concave; spiculum ventrale1.4 × longer than sternite VIII.

Genitalia (Fig. 14). Ovipositor with coxites not sclerotized at apex (Fig. 15). Bursa copulatrix with three short sacs (Fig. 16: arrows); without sclerotized structures.

Male.

Unknown.

Malaysia: Sabah: Banggi Island.

Remarks.

This species is similar to Candèze, 1865 in large body size (24.0 mm), black body and elytra with metallic luster, but is distinguished by PageBreakthe following contrasting characters ( in parentheses): female antennomere III pectinate (Fig. 5) (female antennomere III trapezoidal); prothorax widest posteriorly (Fig. 1) (prothorax widest at mid-length except for posterior angles, Fig. 17); scutellum widest near posterior 2/5 (Fig. 10) (scutellum near posterior 1/3); wedge cell of hind wings absent (Fig. 11) (wedge cell of hind wings present, Fig. 18); female sternite VIII with apex concave (Fig. 13) (female sternite VIII with apex rounded).

This species are known only from the female holotype. We predict that the males also exhibit blue elytra and with metallic luster, scutellum widest near posterior 2/5, hind wings without wedge cell and with cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 located at contact point between veins MP3 and MP4.

Candèze, 1865

Figures 17–19

Candèze, 1865: 13 (original description: type locality: Peninsular Malaysia);

Lectotype. Female, Malacca, West Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Malaysia, Janson coll. [BMNH] (Fig. 19). Label data: “Malacca”; [female symbol]; Janson coll/ 1903-130.; “/ / Cdz. ”; “/ Cand./ Comp to RSNB/ smaller female/ C.M.F. von Hayek/ 1976”; “female int. genitalia/ delicate no plates/ C.M.F. von Hayek/ 1978”; “Antseps”; “mouthparts in/ separate vial/ C.M.F. von Hayek 1991/ by Casari-Chen”; and with the authors’ red lectotype label: “LECTOTYPE/ / Candèze, 1865”.

Body black, elytra blue-black and with metallic luster; setae white; female antennomere III trapezoidal, 1.4 × as long as wide; prothorax as long as wide, widest at mid-length except for posterior angles; pronotal anterior angles bisinuate and rounded; anterior angles of hypomeron rounded; prosternal spine inclined weakly behind procoxae; scutellum concave laterally, widest near posterior 1/3; hind wings with wedge cell, with cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 located at contact point between veins MP3 and MP4; female sternite VIII with rounded apex.

Description.

See Casari-Chen (1993) for a detailed description.

Malaysia: the Peninsular Malaysia. Indonesia: Sumatra.

Candèze (1865) did not provide the number of the type specimens. Candèze (1865) mentioned that “Elle a été découverte et apportée récemment en Europe par M. de Castelnau. Je l’ai vue dans sa collection, ainsi que dans celle de M. le comte de Mniszech”. Mniszech’s collection went to Laporte de Castelnau, part of this went to PageBreakJanson and then to BMNH. Candèze’s first collection of (up to 1869) went to the BMNH, while a second collection of went to IRSNB (Bousquet 2016). BMNH can be most expected to hold types of this species because it was described before 1869. Label data of the examined specimen in BMNH agree with the original description. The external features of the specimen also agree with the original description. Thus, the specimen should be considered a syntype. Casari-Chen (1993) considered the type specimen as a homeotype. We designated the known syntype as lectotype to stabilize the classification.

We could not locate other syntypes including at IRSNB in this time. Laporte de Castelnau’s first collection was given to the National Institution of the Promotion of Science in Washington DC but was probably destroyed by fire, while part of his later collection was left to the Melbourne Museum in Australia (Bousquet 2016).

Only female specimens are known (Candèze 1865; Suzuki 2004). Only this species exhibits hind wings with wedge cell in this genus, whereas the other species lost wedge cell of hind wings. We predict that the male could also be recognized by presence of the wedge cell.

sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/FF52714A-2F8B-413C-9777-C96D283C3465

Figures 20–21 , 22–29 , 30–35 , 36–37

Etymology.

The name of this species honors Mr. Masahiro Fujioka for providing the material.

Holotype. Male, Tawau, East Malaysia (Sabah), Malaysia, V 2014 [ELKU].

Body black, elytra blue and with metallic luster, legs black; setae black on dorsal side and white on ventral side; frontal depression deep; eye small; prothorax almost as long as wide, widest posteriorly; pronotum with anterior angles bisinuate and rounded, medina longitudinal depression deep, extending from before pronotal anterior margin to base, punctate; prosternal process inclined strongly behind procoxae; anterior angles of hypomeron acute; scutellum concave laterally, widest near posterior 1/3; hind wings with cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 located anterad to contact point between veins MP3 and MP4, without wedge cell; median lobe of male aedeagus stout.

BL: 18.9, BW: 6.11, MIE: 2.08, MAE: 3.05, OI: 68, PL: 5.95, PML: 5.23; PW: 5.91, PI: 101, EL: 12.1, EW: 6.11, EI: 197.

Description of male.

Body (Figs 20, 21) shiny, elytra with metallic luster. Color. Black except for elytra black-blue; mouth-parts brown-black, but mandible black, galea and lacinia orange; apical edge of tarsal segment V and tarsal claws red-brown; pregenital segments and aedeagus black-brown. Hairs. Dorsal surface covered with black flatted setae; ventral surface with white flatted setae; legs with intermixed black and white setae; mouth-parts and pronotal anterior margin near eyes with yellow-brown setae; filiform setae of antennomeres III-XII brown and long.

Head (Fig. 22). Frontal depression deep. Eyes small. Antennomere I long; antennomere II short, dish-shaped; antennomeres III-XI flabellation strong; antennomere XII elongate (Fig. 23). Apical maxillary palpomere 1.8 × as long as wide (Fig. 24) (Mandibles chipped in apical parts.)

Prothorax almost as long as wide, widest posteriorly; sides rounded anteriorly, liner posteriorly. Pronotum with anterior angles bisinuate and rounded; median longitudinal depression deep, extending from before pronotal anterior margin to base, punctate. Prosternal spine inclined strongly (at 18 degrees) behind procoxae (Fig. 25). Hypomeron with anterior angles acute (Fig. 26). Scutellum (Fig. 28) concave laterally, 1.2 × as long as wide, widest near posterior 1/3. Hind wings with cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 apparent, not completely connected with CuA2, located anterad to contact point between veins MP3 and MP4 (Fig. 29: arrow); wedge cell absent. Elytra with sides almost parallel on basal half; intervals with small and coarse punctures.

Abdomen. Ventrite V 0.67 × times as long as wide. Tergite VIII (Fig. 30) 0.72 × as long as wide, colorless basal area. Sternite VIII (Fig. 31) with darker W-shaped band; median notch shallow and truncate transversally. Tergite IX (Fig. 32) with median notch shallow and rounded. Sternite IX (Fig. 33) narrowed abruptly on posterior half to apex. Aedeagus (Figs 34, 35). Median lobe stout; basal struts 0.35 × total length of median lobe. Parameres with dense and long setae. Basal piece 0.29 × total length of aedeagus.

Female.

Unknown.

Malaysia: Sabah: Tawau.

This species is distinct by black body, blue elytra with metallic luster, black setae on dorsal side, white setae on ventral side and strong antennomeres III-XI flabellation. It is similar to Fleutiaux, 1928 in having a black body, blue elytra with metallic luster, pronotum anterior angles bisinuate and rounded, and PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakscutellum concave laterally, except for drastic sexual differences of antennae, but is distinguished by the following contrasting characters ( in parentheses): legs black (Fig. 21) (legs red, Fig. 2); setae black on dorsal side and white on ventral side (Fig. 20) (all setae white, Fig. 1); frontal depression deep (Fig. 22) (frontal depression moderate, Fig. 4); pronotal median longitudinal depression extending from before pronotal anterior margin to base (Fig. 22) (pronotal median longitudinal depression not reaching anterior margin or base, Fig. 4); anterior angles of hypomeron acute (Fig. 26) (anterior angles of hypomeron rounded, Fig. 8); prosternal spin inclined strongly behind procoxae (Fig. 25) (prosternal spine inclined weakly behind procoxae, Fig. 7); scutellum widest near posterior 1/3 (Fig. 28) (scutellum widest near posterior 2/5, Fig. 10); hind wings with cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 located anterad to contact point between veins MP3 and MP4 (Fig. 29: arrow) (hind wings with cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 located at contact point between veins MP3 and MP4, Fig. 11: arrow).

and are similar species from the same island, but we recognized they are different species by the setal color and the hind wing venation. We believe that setal complementary color difference probably is not caused by sexual dimorphism because such dimorphism has not previously been observed in species of the . We also believe that differences in hind wing venation are unlikely to be caused by sexual dimorphism because such dimorphism has not previously been observed in species with flying females.

http://zoobank.org/83188584-DF58-41F6-BF06-BF6702F909A8

Figures 38–40 , 41–48 , 49–54

Candèze, 1874;

A combination of the Greek megalos, meaning great, and the Greek ops, meaning eye, refer to the large compound eyes.

Holotype. Male, Java, Indonesia [IRSNB] (Fig. 40).

Body brown, without metallic luster; setae yellow-brown; frontal depression moderate; eye very large; prothorax wider than long, widest posteriorly; pronotal anterior angles rounded; median longitudinal depression shallow, located at PageBreakanterior half, punctate; anterior angles of hypomeron acute; prosternal spine inclined strongly behind procoxae; scutellum 1.5 × as long as wide; sides of scutellum parallel; hind wings with cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 located just anterior to contact point between veins MP3 and MP4, without wedge cell; male tergite VIII longer than wide; median lobe of male aedeagus elongate.

BL: 11.8, BW: 3.54, MIE: 1.02, MAE: 2.31, OI: 44, PL: 3.11, PML: 2.74, PW: 3.26, PI: 95, EL: 7.70, EW: 3.54, EI: 218.

Body (Figs 38, 39) shining, without metallic luster. Color. Body brown; antennomere I, pronotal lateral margin, elytra, legs, abdomen paler; antennomeres II-XII, mouth-parts, pregenital segments and aedeagus yellow-brown, but mandible brown. Hairs. Body covered with yellow-brown setae; antennomeres III-XII with short filiform setae at ventral surface.

Head (Fig. 41). Frontal depressed moderate. Eyes very large. Antennomere I elongate; antennomere II short and obconical; antennomeres III-X flabellation moderate (Fig. 42). Apical maxillary palpomere (Fig. 43) rounded, 1.3 × as long as wide. (Antennomeres XI-XII of right antenna and antennomeres III-XII of left antenna lost.)

Prothorax wider than long; sides widest posteriorly, rounded anteriorly, liner posteriorly. Pronotum convex; anterior angles rounded; median longitudinal depression shallow, located at anterior half, punctate (Fig. 41); central area with two shallow concaves. Prosternal spine with lateral margin of dorsal side expanded laterally, inclined strongly (at 15 degrees) behind procoxae (Fig. 44). Hypomeron with anterior angles acute (Fig. 45); punctures more homogeneous than prosternal punctures in density and size. Scutellum (Fig. 47) 1.5 × as long as than wide; sides parallel. Elytra with sides almost parallel on basal half; intervals with small and coarse punctures. Hind wings (Fig. 48) with veins posterior to MP3 translucent; cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 not completely connected with CuA2, located just anterior to contact point between veins MP3 and MP4; wedge cell absent (Fore legs except for coxae, tarsomeres IV-V and claw of right middle leg, tarsomere V and claw of left middle leg, tarsi and claw of right hind leg, and left hind leg lost.)

Abdomen. Ventrite V 0.65 × as long as wide. Tergite VIII (Fig. 49) 1.2 × as long as wide; basal area translucent. Sternite VIII (Fig. 50) with central area translucent; median notch shallow and truncate transversally. Tergite IX (Fig. 51) with median notch shallow and rounded. Tergite × (Fig. 51) posterior margin rounded. Sternite IX (Fig. 52) wide; posterior half abruptly narrowed to apex; posterior margin rounded. Aedeagus (Figs 53, 54). Median lobe elongate, basal struts 0.37 × total length of median lobe. Parameres with sparse and short setae. Basal piece 0.28 × total length of aedeagus.

Unknown.

Indonesia: Java.

The holotype is damaged with most appendages lost. The holotype of this species was identified as (= comb. n.) by Candèze (Fleutiaux, 1928), but separated from by the following characteristics (the holotype of in parentheses): eye very large (OI: 44) (eye large, OI: 50); anterior angles of pronotum rounded (Fig. 38) (anterior angles of pronotum bisinuate, PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakFig. 56); pronotal median longitudinal depression shallow, located at pronotal anterior half and punctate (Fig. 41) (pronotal median longitudinal depression not reaching anterior margin or base and impunctate at posterior half); scutellum 1.5 × as long as wide (Fig. 47) (scutellum 1.3 × as long as wide, Fig. 56); scutellum sides parallel (Fig. 47) (scutellum sides concave and widest posteriorly, Fig. 56); hind wings with cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 (Fig. 48) (hind wings without cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2); male tergite VIII longer than wide (Fig. 49) (male tergite VIII shorter than wide).

Only this species exhibits parallel sides of scutellum in this genus. The scutellum shape could be a useful specific diagnostic feature for this species including its female.

(Candèze, 1874) comb. n.

Figures 55–58

Candèze, 1874: 113 (original description on male; type locality: Madras, India), 214 (as “

Fleutiaux, 1918: 235 (original description on male; type locality: Bangkok, Thailand);

(Candèze, 1874):

Holotype. Male, Madras, India, Murray leg. [IRSNB] (Fig. 58).

Body red-brown, without metallic luster; setae yellow-brown; frontal depression deep; eye large; prothorax shorter than wide, widest posteriorly; pronotum with anterior angles bisinuate, median longitudinal depression not reaching anterior margin or base and impunctate at posterior half; anterior angles of hypomeron acute; prosternal spine inclined strongly behind procoxae; scutellum 1.3 × as long as wide, with sides straight, widest posteriorly; hind wings without cross vein between veins MP4 and CuA2 and wedge cell; male tergite VIII shorter than wide; median lobe of male aedeagus elongate.

BL: 14.9, BW: 4.85, MIE: 1.43, MAE: 2.85, OI: 50, PL: 4.34, PML: 3.68, PW: 4.64, PI: 94, EL: 10.1, EW: 4.85, EI: 208.

See Casari-Chen (1993) for a detailed description.

India. Thailand. Vietnam.

This species is only known from the male.

Discussion

Candèze (1874) produced a misspelling of , writing “EUMÆUS” in the index on page 214. Candèze (1891) used “EUŒUS” on page 29 and “Eumœus” in index on page 243. This means that Candèze (1891) had already recognized as a valid name. However, Fleutiaux (1940) considered as a wrong spelling of and used as the valid name. He used Fleutiaux, 1918 as the replacement name for “ Candèze, 1874” because it became a junior homonym for the genus Hubner, 1816 of .

and were described from males exhibiting 12-segmented and biflabellate antennae, whereas were described from female exhibiting 11-segmented and filiform to subpectinate antennae. Fleutiaux (1947) inferred that there was an occurrence of sexually dimorphic antennae of these genera, and that was therefore the senior synonym for and . Actually is the senior synonym for both and because the actions of Fleutiaux (1940) are nullified.

Candèze, 1865 was only known from female with 11-segmented and pectinate antennae. We determined that a male specimen (the holotype of sp. n.), in possessing biflabellate antennae, belongs to because of the similarity to and including: black body, blue elytra with metallic luster, pronotum anterior angles bisinuate, scutellum concave laterally. This association demonstrates that also has sexually dimorphic antennae.

In the tribe , only four genera, , , Fleutiaux, 1899 and Hyslop, 1921 have strongly sexually dimorphic antennae. Their males exhibit 12-segmented and biflabellate antenna, and females exhibit 11-segmented and subpectinate antennae. is separated from , , (the latter three genera in parentheses) by the supra-antennal carinae continuous across frons (supra-antennal carina not continuous across frons) and mandible without subapical tooth (mandible with subapical tooth). is separated from and (the latter two genera in parentheses), prosternal suture shortly grooved (prosternal suture not grooved), scutellum narrowed apically and with straight side (scutellum widest apically and concave laterally or with parallel sides in sp. n.), elytral intervals flat (elytral intervals convex).

Candèze (1874) suggested that should be combined with if its male had biflabellate antennae. We recognized that and are similar by many structures: setae flat, wider at midlength than base, with longitudinal micro carinae (Figs 36, 37); interspaces greater than puncture diameter except for smaller on head and pronotum; hypomeron mesal edge carinate anterolaterad (Figs 8, 26, 45: arrow); hind wings with vein r4 translucent (Figs 11, 18, 29, 48). The two genera could not be separated from each other except by antennal morphology. This non-antennal similarity suggests that the two genera should be considered synonyms because antennal morphology is dimorphic in several other . We propose that the two genera should be considered synonyms. Accordingly, the priorities of the generic names are following: < < < .

Fleutiaux, 1916 and Fleutiaux, 1918 are eventual homonyms since and are junior synonyms of . We propose nom. n., as the replacement name for (Fleutiaux, 1916) comb. n. currently contains eight species, 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 5, Candèze, 1874, 6, , 7, and 8, .

We could not find the types of two species, and , and have not examined these species. Further effort to find the localities of the types of the two species are needed in order to understand the complete picture of these species.

1	Head and pronotum brown to red-brown	2
–	Head and pronotum black	4
2	Prothorax longer than wide, elytra red-brown but brown-black on posterior half	Alaolacon bakeri (Fleutiaux, 1916)
–	Prothorax shorter than wide, elytra brown to red-brown	3
3	Scutellum widest posteriorly	Alaolacon murrayi (Candèze, 1874) comb. n.
–	Scutellum with parallel sides	Alaolacon megalopus sp. n.
4	Elytra blue or blue-black, and with metallic luster	5
–	Elytra black and without metallic luster	7
5	Setae black dorsally and white ventrally	Alaolacon fujiokai sp. n.
–	All setae white	6
6	Prothorax widest posteriorly, wedge cell of hind wings absent	Alaolacon candezei Fleutiaux, 1928
–	Prothorax widest at mid-length except for posterior angles, wedge cell of hind wings present	Alaolacon cyanipennis Candèze, 1865
7	Ventral surface red-brown	Alaolacon griseus Candèze, 1874
–	Ventral surface black	Alaolacon philippinensis nom. n.