E Magnus Ohman1, Matthew T Roe2, P Gabriel Steg3, Stefan K James4, Thomas J Povsic2, Jennifer White2, Frank Rockhold2, Alexei Plotnikov5, Hardi Mundl6, John Strony5, Xiang Sun5, Steen Husted7, Michal Tendera8, Gilles Montalescot9, M Cecilia Bahit10, Diego Ardissino11, Héctor Bueno12, Marc J Claeys13, Jose C Nicolau14, Jan H Cornel15, Shinya Goto16, Róbert Gábor Kiss17, Ümit Güray18, Duk-Woo Park19, Christoph Bode20, Robert C Welsh21, C Michael Gibson22. 1. Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. Electronic address: ohman001@mc.duke.edu. 2. Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. 3. DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, AP-HP and Inserm U-1148, Paris, France; NHLI Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK. 4. Department of Medical Sciences and Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 5. Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ, USA. 6. Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany. 7. Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. 8. 3rd Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. 9. Institut de Cardiologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France. 10. INECO Neurociencias Oroño, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina. 11. Divisione di Cardiologia, Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. 12. Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain. 13. University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium. 14. Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil. 15. Department of Cardiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar and Dutch Network for Cardiovascular Research (WCN), Netherlands. 16. Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan. 17. Department of Cardiology, Military Hospital, Budapest, Hungary. 18. Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Turkey. 19. Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. 20. University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. 21. Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute and University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. 22. PERFUSE Study Group, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor, is the standard antithrombotic treatment following acute coronary syndromes. The factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban reduced mortality and ischaemic events when added to DAPT, but caused increased bleeding. The safety of a dual pathway antithrombotic therapy approach combining low-dose rivaroxaban (in place of aspirin) with a P2Y12 inhibitor has not been assesssed in acute coronary syndromes. We aimed to assess rivaroxaban 2·5 mg twice daily versus aspirin 100 mg daily, in addition to clopidogrel or ticagrelor (chosen at investigator discretion before randomisation), for patients with acute coronary syndromes started within 10 days after presentation and continued for 6-12 months. METHODS: In this double-blind, multicentre, randomised trial (GEMINI-ACS-1) done at 371 clinical centres in 21 countries, eligible patients were older than 18 years with unstable angina, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), with positive cardiac biomarkers and either ischaemic electrocardiographic changes or an atherosclerotic culprit lesion identified during angiography. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) within 10 days after admission for the index acute coronary syndromes event to either aspirin or rivaroxaban based on a computer-generated randomisation schedule. Randomisation was balanced by using randomly permuted blocks with size of four and was stratified based on the background P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel or ticagrelor) intended to be used at the time of randomisation. Investigators and patients were masked to treatment assignment. Patients received a minimum of 180 days of double-blind treatment with rivaroxaban 2·5 mg twice daily or aspirin 100 mg daily. The choice of clopidogrel or ticagrelor during trial conduct was not randomised and was based on investigator preference. The primary endpoint was thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) clinically significant bleeding not related to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG; major, minor, or requiring medical attention) up to day 390. Primary analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02293395. FINDINGS:Between April 22, 2015, and Oct 14, 2016, 3037 patients with acute coronary syndromes were randomly assigned; 1518 to receive aspirin and 1519 to receive rivaroxaban. 1704 patients (56%) were in the ticagrelor and 1333 (44%) in the clopidogrel strata. Median duration of treatment was 291 days (IQR 239-354). TIMI non-CABG clinically significant bleeding was similar with rivaroxaban versus aspirin therapy (total 154 patients [5%]; 80 participants [5%] of 1519 vs 74 participants [5%] of 1518; HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·80-1·50]; p=0·5840). INTERPRETATION: A dual pathway antithrombotic therapy approach combining low-dose rivaroxaban with a P2Y12 inhibitor for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes had similar risk of clinically significant bleeding as aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor. A larger, adequately powered trial would be required to definitively assess the efficacy and safety of this approach. FUNDING: Janssen Research & Development and Bayer AG.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor, is the standard antithrombotic treatment following acute coronary syndromes. The factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban reduced mortality and ischaemic events when added to DAPT, but caused increased bleeding. The safety of a dual pathway antithrombotic therapy approach combining low-dose rivaroxaban (in place of aspirin) with a P2Y12 inhibitor has not been assesssed in acute coronary syndromes. We aimed to assess rivaroxaban 2·5 mg twice daily versus aspirin 100 mg daily, in addition to clopidogrel or ticagrelor (chosen at investigator discretion before randomisation), for patients with acute coronary syndromes started within 10 days after presentation and continued for 6-12 months. METHODS: In this double-blind, multicentre, randomised trial (GEMINI-ACS-1) done at 371 clinical centres in 21 countries, eligible patients were older than 18 years with unstable angina, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), with positive cardiac biomarkers and either ischaemic electrocardiographic changes or an atherosclerotic culprit lesion identified during angiography. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) within 10 days after admission for the index acute coronary syndromes event to either aspirin or rivaroxaban based on a computer-generated randomisation schedule. Randomisation was balanced by using randomly permuted blocks with size of four and was stratified based on the background P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel or ticagrelor) intended to be used at the time of randomisation. Investigators and patients were masked to treatment assignment. Patients received a minimum of 180 days of double-blind treatment with rivaroxaban 2·5 mg twice daily or aspirin 100 mg daily. The choice of clopidogrel or ticagrelor during trial conduct was not randomised and was based on investigator preference. The primary endpoint was thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) clinically significant bleeding not related to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG; major, minor, or requiring medical attention) up to day 390. Primary analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02293395. FINDINGS: Between April 22, 2015, and Oct 14, 2016, 3037 patients with acute coronary syndromes were randomly assigned; 1518 to receive aspirin and 1519 to receive rivaroxaban. 1704 patients (56%) were in the ticagrelor and 1333 (44%) in the clopidogrel strata. Median duration of treatment was 291 days (IQR 239-354). TIMI non-CABG clinically significant bleeding was similar with rivaroxaban versus aspirin therapy (total 154 patients [5%]; 80 participants [5%] of 1519 vs 74 participants [5%] of 1518; HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·80-1·50]; p=0·5840). INTERPRETATION: A dual pathway antithrombotic therapy approach combining low-dose rivaroxaban with a P2Y12 inhibitor for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes had similar risk of clinically significant bleeding as aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor. A larger, adequately powered trial would be required to definitively assess the efficacy and safety of this approach. FUNDING: Janssen Research & Development and Bayer AG.
Authors: Renato D Lopes; Patricia O Guimarães; Elaine Hylek; Gilson S Feitosa-Filho; Luiz Ritt; Nivaldo Filgueiras; Eduardo Darzé; Mario S Rocha; Luis P Magalhães; Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa; Luis Claudio Correia; Lucas Hollanda Oliveira; David A Garcia Journal: J Thromb Thrombolysis Date: 2017-11 Impact factor: 2.300
Authors: Thomas J Povsic; E Magnus Ohman; Matthew T Roe; Jennifer White; Frank W Rockhold; Gilles Montalescot; Jan H Cornel; Jose C Nicolau; P Gabriel Steg; Stefan James; Christoph Bode; Robert C Welsh; Alexei N Plotnikov; Hardi Mundl; C Michael Gibson Journal: JAMA Cardiol Date: 2019-07-01 Impact factor: 14.676