Evolutionary impacts of the goldenrod ball gallmaker on Solidago altissima clones.

Three ramet clones of Solidago altissima were grown under greenhouse conditions to determine the effects of varying levels of attack by the goldenrod ball gallmaker (Eurosta solidaginis) on biomass allocation, leaf senescence rate and rhizome connections among ramets. The results, examined at both the individual ramet level and the clone level, showed that galled ramets became isolated from their clone through deterioration of rhizome connections. Gall effects were only observed at the ramet level although rhizome connection effects were detected at both the ramet and clone levels. The goldenrod ball gallmaker may therefore have little evolutionary impact on large clones but could appreciably affect newly established clones.