Xylem dysfunction during winter and recovery of hydraulic conductivity in diffuse-porous and ring-porous trees.

Xylem embolism in winter and spring as well as the occurrence of positive xylem pressure were monitored in several diffuse-porous and one ring-porous tree species (Fraxinus excelsior). In Acer pseudoplatanus and Betula pendula embolism reversal was associated with positive (above-atmospheric) xylem pressures that frequently occurred during a 2-month period prior to leaf expansion. In Acer high stem pressures were occasionally triggered on sunny days after a night frost. The other species investigated showed no positive xylem pressure during the monitoring period in 1995. Populus balsamifera exhibited a complete embolism reversal in 1994, but, like Fagus sylvatica, recovery was slow and incomplete in 1995. Fraxinus did not refill embolized vessels, but relied entirely on the production of new earlywood conduits in May. Populus × canadensis Moench "robusta" did not recover from embolism during the monitoring period. Under a simulated root pressure of 20 kPa however, excised branches of Populus × canadensis restored maximum hydraulic conductance within 2 days, illustrating the great influence of even small positive pressures on cnductivity recovery in spring. In the absence of positive pressure there was no substantial refilling of embolized vessels within a rehydration period of 9 days.