Forage quality in relation to long-term grazing history, current-year defoliation, and water resource.

Forage nitrogen concentrations, nitrogen yields, and in vitro digestibilities were assessed in shortgrass steppe that had been ungrazed, lightly, or heavily grazed for 50 years. Caged plots were defoliated in amounts based upon removals observed in naturallygrazed reference plots or not defoliated. This was done in a year of average precipitation and with a supplemental water treatment to simulate a wet year. In general, current-year defoliation had positive effects, and longterm grazing and supplemental water had negative effects, on forage nitrogen concentrations and digestibilities. However, defoliation interacted with long-term grazing in determning forage nitrogen concentrations, and with grazing and with watering in determining digestibilities. Nitrogen concentration and digestibility increased with defoliation in lightly, but not in heavily, grazed treatments. The dilution effect of supplemental water an digestibilities through increased plant growth was offset by defoliation. The negative effects of long-term grazing on forage quality were small, equally or more than compensated for by defoliation in a year of average precipitation, but more pronounced in the simulated wet year. Nitrogen yields and digestible forage production were usually increased by defoliation, but this depended upon grazing and watering treatments. Increased nitrogen and digestible forage yields and concentrations in response to defoliation were greater than the biomass response in lightly grazed grassland. For both nitrogen and digestibility, yields were greater in grazed than ungrazed treatments in the year of average precipitation, but less in the simulated wet year. Optimizing quantity and year-to-year stability of nitrogen and digestible forage yield may best be achieved with light grazing rather than no or heavy grazing. Clipping was conducted in a manner closely resembling the natural pattern and intensity of defoliation by the cattle, and confirms the potential for a positive feedback of increased forage quality with defoliation observed in pot experiments. Long-term heavy grazing can diminish this response. Quantily (aboveground primary production, ANPP), quantity of quality (digestible and N yields), and quality (concentrations) do not necessarily respond similarly in interactions between current-year defoliation, long-term grazing history, and level of water resource.