Oliver Gruebner1, Michael A Rapp, Mazda Adli, Ulrike Kluge, Sandro Galea, Andreas Heinz. 1. Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring of the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin; Social and Preventive Medicine, Universität Potsdam; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; School of Public Health, Boston University, MA, USA; Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt University of Berlin.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: More than half of the global population currently lives in cities, with an increasing trend for further urbanization. Living in cities is associated with increased population density, traffic noise and pollution, but also with better access to health care and other commodities. METHODS: This review is based on a selective literature search, providing an overview of the risk factors for mental illness in urban centers. RESULTS: Studies have shown that the risk for serious mental illness is generally higher in cities compared to rural areas. Epidemiological studies have associated growing up and living in cities with a considerably higher risk for schizophrenia. However, correlation is not causation and living in poverty can both contribute to and result from impairments associated with poor mental health. Social isolation and discrimination as well as poverty in the neighborhood contribute to the mental health burden while little is known about specific interactions between such factors and the built environment. CONCLUSION: Further insights on the interaction between spatial heterogeneity of neighborhood resources and socio-ecological factors is warranted and requires interdisciplinary research.
BACKGROUND: More than half of the global population currently lives in cities, with an increasing trend for further urbanization. Living in cities is associated with increased population density, traffic noise and pollution, but also with better access to health care and other commodities. METHODS: This review is based on a selective literature search, providing an overview of the risk factors for mental illness in urban centers. RESULTS: Studies have shown that the risk for serious mental illness is generally higher in cities compared to rural areas. Epidemiological studies have associated growing up and living in cities with a considerably higher risk for schizophrenia. However, correlation is not causation and living in poverty can both contribute to and result from impairments associated with poor mental health. Social isolation and discrimination as well as poverty in the neighborhood contribute to the mental health burden while little is known about specific interactions between such factors and the built environment. CONCLUSION: Further insights on the interaction between spatial heterogeneity of neighborhood resources and socio-ecological factors is warranted and requires interdisciplinary research.
Authors: Leila Haddad; Axel Schäfer; Fabian Streit; Florian Lederbogen; Oliver Grimm; Stefan Wüst; Michael Deuschle; Peter Kirsch; Heike Tost; Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg Journal: Schizophr Bull Date: 2014-06-03 Impact factor: 9.306
Authors: Godfrey S Temba; Vesla Kullaya; Tal Pecht; Blandina T Mmbaga; Anna C Aschenbrenner; Thomas Ulas; Gibson Kibiki; Furaha Lyamuya; Collins K Boahen; Vinod Kumar; Leo A B Joosten; Joachim L Schultze; Andre J van der Ven; Mihai G Netea; Quirijn de Mast Journal: Nat Immunol Date: 2021-02-11 Impact factor: 25.606
Authors: Philipp S Baumann; Ola Söderström; Lilith Abrahamyan Empson; Dag Söderström; Zoe Codeluppi; Philippe Golay; Max Birchwood; Philippe Conus Journal: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol Date: 2019-10-30 Impact factor: 4.328
Authors: Stefanie Schreiter; Felix Bermpohl; Michael Krausz; Stefan Leucht; Wulf Rössler; Meryam Schouler-Ocak; Stefan Gutwinski Journal: Dtsch Arztebl Int Date: 2017-10-06 Impact factor: 5.594
Authors: Dzifa Adjaye-Gbewonyo; George W Rebok; Joseph J Gallo; Alden L Gross; Carol R Underwood Journal: Health Place Date: 2020-06-04 Impact factor: 4.078
Authors: Sin Yee Yap; Chai Nien Foo; Yang Mooi Lim; Foong Leng Ng; Sherina Mohd-Sidik; Pek Yee Tang; Jagjit Kaur Najar Singh; Kai-Shuen Pheh Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-05-18 Impact factor: 3.390