Yannis Manios1,2, George Moschonis3, Christina P Lambrinou3, Christina Mavrogianni3, Lydia Tsirigoti3, Ulrich Hoeller4, Franz F Roos4, Igor Bendik4, Manfred Eggersdorfer4, Carlos Celis-Morales5, Katherine M Livingstone5, Cyril F M Marsaux6, Anna L Macready7, Rosalind Fallaize7, Clare B O'Donovan8, Clara Woolhead8, Hannah Forster8, Marianne C Walsh8, Santiago Navas-Carretero9, Rodrigo San-Cristobal9, Silvia Kolossa10, Jacqueline Hallmann10, Mirosław Jarosz11, Agnieszka Surwiłło11, Iwona Traczyk11, Christian A Drevon12, Ben van Ommen13, Keith Grimaldi14, John N S Matthews15, Hannelore Daniel10, J Alfredo Martinez9, Julie A Lovegrove7, Eileen R Gibney8, Lorraine Brennan8, Wim H M Saris6, Mike Gibney8, John C Mathers5. 1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Heath Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. manios@hua.gr. 2. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El Venizelou Ave, Kallithea, 176 71, Athens, Greece. manios@hua.gr. 3. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Heath Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. 4. Analytical Research Centre and Human Nutrition & Health, DSM Nutritional Products, 4002, Basel, Switzerland. 5. Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. 6. Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands. 7. Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK. 8. UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland. 9. Department of Nutrition and Physiology, University of Navarra; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain. 10. ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. 11. National Food & Nutrition Institute (IZZ), Warsaw, Poland. 12. Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 13. Microbiology and Systems Biology Group, TNO, Zeist, the Netherlands. 14. Eurogenetica Ltd, 7 Salisbury Road, Burnham-on-Sea, UK. 15. School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To report the vitamin D status in adults from seven European countries and to identify behavioural correlates. METHODS: In total, 1075 eligible adult men and women from Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, Greece, UK, Poland and Germany, were included in the study. RESULTS: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, defined as 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-OHD3) concentration of <30 and 30-49.9 nmol/L, respectively, were observed in 3.3 and 30.6% of the participants. The highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was found in the UK and the lowest in the Netherlands (8.2 vs. 1.1%, P < 0.05). In addition, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was higher in females compared with males (36.6 vs. 22.6%, P < 0.001), in winter compared with summer months (39.3 vs. 25.0%, P < 0.05) and in younger compared with older participants (36.0 vs. 24.4%, P < 0.05). Positive dose-response associations were also observed between 25-OHD3 concentrations and dietary vitamin D intake from foods and supplements, as well as with physical activity (PA) levels. Vitamin D intakes of ≥5 μg/day from foods and ≥5 μg/day from supplements, as well as engagement in ≥30 min/day of moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA were associated with higher odds (P < 0.05) for maintaining sufficient (≥50 nmol/L) 25-OHD3 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varied considerably among European adults. Dietary intakes of ≥10 μg/day of vitamin D from foods and/or supplements and at least 30 min/day of moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA were the minimum thresholds associated with vitamin D sufficiency.
PURPOSE: To report the vitamin D status in adults from seven European countries and to identify behavioural correlates. METHODS: In total, 1075 eligible adult men and women from Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, Greece, UK, Poland and Germany, were included in the study. RESULTS:Vitamin Ddeficiency and insufficiency, defined as 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-OHD3) concentration of <30 and 30-49.9 nmol/L, respectively, were observed in 3.3 and 30.6% of the participants. The highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was found in the UK and the lowest in the Netherlands (8.2 vs. 1.1%, P < 0.05). In addition, the prevalence of vitamin Dinsufficiency was higher in females compared with males (36.6 vs. 22.6%, P < 0.001), in winter compared with summer months (39.3 vs. 25.0%, P < 0.05) and in younger compared with older participants (36.0 vs. 24.4%, P < 0.05). Positive dose-response associations were also observed between 25-OHD3 concentrations and dietary vitamin D intake from foods and supplements, as well as with physical activity (PA) levels. Vitamin D intakes of ≥5 μg/day from foods and ≥5 μg/day from supplements, as well as engagement in ≥30 min/day of moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA were associated with higher odds (P < 0.05) for maintaining sufficient (≥50 nmol/L) 25-OHD3 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varied considerably among European adults. Dietary intakes of ≥10 μg/day of vitamin D from foods and/or supplements and at least 30 min/day of moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA were the minimum thresholds associated with vitamin D sufficiency.
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