Bushra Imtiaz1, Heidi Taipale2, Antti Tanskanen3, Miia Tiihonen4, Miia Kivipelto5, Anna-Mari Heikkinen6, Jari Tiihonen7, Hilkka Soininen8, Sirpa Hartikainen9, Anna-Maija Tolppanen10. 1. Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: bushra.imtiaz@uef.fi. 2. Kuopio Research Center of Geriatric Care, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Research Center for Comparative Effectiveness and Patient Safety (RECEPS) and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. 3. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 4. School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. 5. Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 6. Terveystalo, Finland. 7. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. 8. Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. 9. Kuopio Research Center of Geriatric Care, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; School of Pharmacy, Social Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. 10. Research Center for Comparative Effectiveness and Patient Safety (RECEPS) and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Medicine and Alzheimer's disease (MEDALZ) is a nested case-control study of the entire Finnish population with clinically verified AD from 2005 to 2011 and up to 4 matched controls per case. This study comprises 230,580 women (46,117 cases and 184,463 controls). Data on HT use from 1995 to 2011 was extracted from the national prescription register using following ATC codes: G03C (estrogen), G03D (progestogen) and G03F (estrogen and progestogen in combination). Only systemic HT (oral or transdermal) was considered. RESULTS: Use of systemic estrogen and progestogen was associated with an increased risk of AD, with ORs (95% CI) of 1.10 (1.06-1.12) and 1.13 (1.10-1.17) respectively, but use of systemic estrogen HT for >10years (OR, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.84-0.99) was protective against AD. Long-term (>10years) use of progestogen and combination HT was not related to AD risk (OR, 95% CI: 1.0, 0.90-1.2). CONCLUSION: Our findings do not suggest HT is an important determinant of AD risk.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Medicine and Alzheimer's disease (MEDALZ) is a nested case-control study of the entire Finnish population with clinically verified AD from 2005 to 2011 and up to 4 matched controls per case. This study comprises 230,580 women (46,117 cases and 184,463 controls). Data on HT use from 1995 to 2011 was extracted from the national prescription register using following ATC codes: G03C (estrogen), G03D (progestogen) and G03F (estrogen and progestogen in combination). Only systemic HT (oral or transdermal) was considered. RESULTS: Use of systemic estrogen and progestogen was associated with an increased risk of AD, with ORs (95% CI) of 1.10 (1.06-1.12) and 1.13 (1.10-1.17) respectively, but use of systemic estrogen HT for >10years (OR, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.84-0.99) was protective against AD. Long-term (>10years) use of progestogen and combination HT was not related to AD risk (OR, 95% CI: 1.0, 0.90-1.2). CONCLUSION: Our findings do not suggest HT is an important determinant of AD risk.
Authors: Nirmal K Sampathkumar; Juan I Bravo; Yilin Chen; Prakroothi S Danthi; Erin K Donahue; Rochelle W Lai; Ryan Lu; Lewis T Randall; Nika Vinson; Bérénice A Benayoun Journal: Hum Genet Date: 2019-11-01 Impact factor: 4.132
Authors: Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen; Päivi Rahkola-Soisalo; Fabian Hoti; Pia Vattulainen; Mika Gissler; Olavi Ylikorkala; Tomi S Mikkola Journal: BMJ Date: 2019-03-06