Justin J Boutilier1, Steven C Brooks1, Alyf Janmohamed1, Adam Byers1, Jason E Buick1, Cathy Zhan1, Angela P Schoellig1, Sheldon Cheskes1, Laurie J Morrison1, Timothy C Y Chan2. 1. From Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (J.J.B., T.C.Y.C.), Division of Engineering Science (A.J.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (S.C.), and Department of Medicine (L.J.M.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (S.C.B.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.C.B., A.B., J.E.B., C.Z., S.C., L.J.M., T.C.Y.C.); Sunnybrook Centre for Prehospital Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.E.B., S.C.); and University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, Ontario, Canada (A.P.S.). 2. From Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (J.J.B., T.C.Y.C.), Division of Engineering Science (A.J.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (S.C.), and Department of Medicine (L.J.M.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (S.C.B.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.C.B., A.B., J.E.B., C.Z., S.C., L.J.M., T.C.Y.C.); Sunnybrook Centre for Prehospital Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.E.B., S.C.); and University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, Ontario, Canada (A.P.S.). tcychan@mie.utoronto.ca.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Public access defibrillation programs can improve survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, but automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are rarely available for bystander use at the scene. Drones are an emerging technology that can deliver an AED to the scene of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest for bystander use. We hypothesize that a drone network designed with the aid of a mathematical model combining both optimization and queuing can reduce the time to AED arrival. METHODS: We applied our model to 53 702 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests that occurred in the 8 regions of the Toronto Regional RescuNET between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2014. Our primary analysis quantified the drone network size required to deliver an AED 1, 2, or 3 minutes faster than historical median 911 response times for each region independently. A secondary analysis quantified the reduction in drone resources required if RescuNET was treated as a large coordinated region. RESULTS: The region-specific analysis determined that 81 bases and 100 drones would be required to deliver an AED ahead of median 911 response times by 3 minutes. In the most urban region, the 90th percentile of the AED arrival time was reduced by 6 minutes and 43 seconds relative to historical 911 response times in the region. In the most rural region, the 90th percentile was reduced by 10 minutes and 34 seconds. A single coordinated drone network across all regions required 39.5% fewer bases and 30.0% fewer drones to achieve similar AED delivery times. CONCLUSIONS: An optimized drone network designed with the aid of a novel mathematical model can substantially reduce the AED delivery time to an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest event.
BACKGROUND: Public access defibrillation programs can improve survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, but automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are rarely available for bystander use at the scene. Drones are an emerging technology that can deliver an AED to the scene of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest for bystander use. We hypothesize that a drone network designed with the aid of a mathematical model combining both optimization and queuing can reduce the time to AED arrival. METHODS: We applied our model to 53 702 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests that occurred in the 8 regions of the Toronto Regional RescuNET between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2014. Our primary analysis quantified the drone network size required to deliver an AED 1, 2, or 3 minutes faster than historical median 911 response times for each region independently. A secondary analysis quantified the reduction in drone resources required if RescuNET was treated as a large coordinated region. RESULTS: The region-specific analysis determined that 81 bases and 100 drones would be required to deliver an AED ahead of median 911 response times by 3 minutes. In the most urban region, the 90th percentile of the AED arrival time was reduced by 6 minutes and 43 seconds relative to historical 911 response times in the region. In the most rural region, the 90th percentile was reduced by 10 minutes and 34 seconds. A single coordinated drone network across all regions required 39.5% fewer bases and 30.0% fewer drones to achieve similar AED delivery times. CONCLUSIONS: An optimized drone network designed with the aid of a novel mathematical model can substantially reduce the AED delivery time to an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest event.
Authors: Mary F Hazinski; Ahamed H Idris; Richard E Kerber; Andrew Epstein; Dianne Atkins; Wanchun Tang; Keith Lurie Journal: Circulation Date: 2005-06-21 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Tom Aufderheide; Mary Fran Hazinski; Graham Nichol; Suzanne Smith Steffens; Andrew Buroker; Robin McCune; Edward Stapleton; Vinay Nadkarni; Jerry Potts; Raymond R Ramirez; Brian Eigel; Andrew Epstein; Michael Sayre; Henry Halperin; Richard O Cummins Journal: Circulation Date: 2006-01-16 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Myron L Weisfeldt; Colleen M Sitlani; Joseph P Ornato; Thomas Rea; Tom P Aufderheide; Daniel Davis; Jonathan Dreyer; Erik P Hess; Jonathan Jui; Justin Maloney; George Sopko; Judy Powell; Graham Nichol; Laurie J Morrison Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Date: 2010-04-20 Impact factor: 24.094
Authors: Ian R Drennan; Ryan P Strum; Adam Byers; Jason E Buick; Steve Lin; Sheldon Cheskes; Samantha Hu; Laurie J Morrison Journal: CMAJ Date: 2016-01-18 Impact factor: 8.262
Authors: Christopher L F Sun; Derya Demirtas; Steven C Brooks; Laurie J Morrison; Timothy C Y Chan Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Date: 2016-08-23 Impact factor: 24.094
Authors: Fredrik Folke; Gunnar H Gislason; Freddy K Lippert; Søren L Nielsen; Peter Weeke; Morten L Hansen; Emil L Fosbøl; Søren S Andersen; Søren Rasmussen; Tina K Schramm; Lars Køber; Christian Torp-Pedersen Journal: Circulation Date: 2010-07-26 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Steven C Brooks; Robert H Schmicker; Thomas D Rea; Tom P Aufderheide; Daniel P Davis; Laurie J Morrison; Ritu Sahni; Gena K Sears; Denise E Griffiths; George Sopko; Scott S Emerson; Paul Dorian Journal: Resuscitation Date: 2009-11-25 Impact factor: 5.262
Authors: A P Hallstrom; J P Ornato; M Weisfeldt; A Travers; J Christenson; M A McBurnie; R Zalenski; L B Becker; E B Schron; M Proschan Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2004-08-12 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Hadi Hajari; Jessica Salerno; Lenny S Weiss; James J Menegazzi; Hassan Karimi; David D Salcido Journal: Prehosp Emerg Care Date: 2019-06-18 Impact factor: 3.077
Authors: Farrah J Mateen; K H Benjamin Leung; Andre C Vogel; Abass Fode Cissé; Timothy C Y Chan Journal: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg Date: 2020-04-08 Impact factor: 2.184
Authors: Niraj Varma; Iwona Cygankiewicz; Mintu P Turakhia; Hein Heidbuchel; Yu-Feng Hu; Lin Yee Chen; Jean-Philippe Couderc; Edmond M Cronin; Jerry D Estep; Lars Grieten; Deirdre A Lane; Reena Mehra; Alex Page; Rod Passman; Jonathan P Piccini; Ewa Piotrowicz; Ryszard Piotrowicz; Pyotr G Platonov; Antonio Luiz Ribeiro; Robert E Rich; Andrea M Russo; David Slotwiner; Jonathan S Steinberg; Emma Svennberg Journal: Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol Date: 2021-02-12
Authors: Neal A Chatterjee; M Vinayaga Moorthy; Julie Pester; Andi Schaecter; Gopi K Panicker; Dhiraj Narula; Daniel C Lee; Jeffrey J Goldberger; Alan Kadish; Nancy R Cook; Christine M Albert Journal: JAMA Cardiol Date: 2018-07-01 Impact factor: 14.676
Authors: Niraj Varma; Iwona Cygankiewicz; Mintu P Turakhia; Hein Heidbuchel; Yufeng Hu; Lin Yee Chen; Jean-Philippe Couderc; Edmond M Cronin; Jerry D Estep; Lars Grieten; Deirdre A Lane; Reena Mehra; Alex Page; Rod Passman; Jonathan P Piccini; Ewa Piotrowicz; Ryszard Piotrowicz; Pyotr G Platonov; Antonio Luiz Ribeiro; Robert E Rich; Andrea M Russo; David Slotwiner; Jonathan S Steinberg; Emma Svennberg Journal: Cardiovasc Digit Health J Date: 2021-01-29
Authors: Jessica K Zègre-Hemsey; Mary E Grewe; Anna M Johnson; Evan Arnold; Christopher J Cunningham; Brittany M Bogle; Wayne D Rosamond Journal: Resuscitation Date: 2020-10-17 Impact factor: 5.262