Mohamed F Abdallah1,2,3, Gözde Girgin3, Terken Baydar3, Rudolf Krska1, Michael Sulyok1. 1. Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU), Tulln, Austria. 2. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. 3. Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of multiple toxic fungal and bacterial metabolites in 156 animal feed (n = 77) and maize (n = 79) samples collected from three regions in Upper Egypt. The target analytes were quantified using the 'dilute and shoot' approach, followed by a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS: In total, 115 fungal and bacterial metabolites were detected in both matrices, including the regulated mycotoxins in the European Union, in addition to the modified forms such as deoxynivalenol-3-glucosid. Furthermore, some Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillum metabolites beside other fungal and bacterial metabolites were detected for the first time in Egypt. All of the samples were contaminated with at least four toxins. On average, 26 different metabolites were detected per sample with a trend of more metabolites in feed than in maize. The maximum number of analytes observed per samples was 54 analytes at maximum concentrations ranging from 0.04 µg kg-1 for tentoxin to 25 040 µg kg-1 for kojic acid. CONCLUSION: According to the international standards, the contamination rates in the investigated regions were not alarming, except for AFB1 in maize. The necessity of further and continuous monitoring is highly recommended to establish a database for mycotoxin occurrence.
BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of multiple toxic fungal and bacterial metabolites in 156 animal feed (n = 77) and maize (n = 79) samples collected from three regions in Upper Egypt. The target analytes were quantified using the 'dilute and shoot' approach, followed by a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS: In total, 115 fungal and bacterial metabolites were detected in both matrices, including the regulated mycotoxins in the European Union, in addition to the modified forms such as deoxynivalenol-3-glucosid. Furthermore, some Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillum metabolites beside other fungal and bacterial metabolites were detected for the first time in Egypt. All of the samples were contaminated with at least four toxins. On average, 26 different metabolites were detected per sample with a trend of more metabolites in feed than in maize. The maximum number of analytes observed per samples was 54 analytes at maximum concentrations ranging from 0.04 µg kg-1 for tentoxin to 25 040 µg kg-1 for kojic acid. CONCLUSION: According to the international standards, the contamination rates in the investigated regions were not alarming, except for AFB1 in maize. The necessity of further and continuous monitoring is highly recommended to establish a database for mycotoxin occurrence.