Julia Braune1, Ulrike Weyer1, Madlen Matz-Soja2, Constance Hobusch1, Matthias Kern3, Anne Kunath4, Nora Klöting4, Susann Kralisch5, Matthias Blüher5, Rolf Gebhardt2, Yana Zavros6, Ingo Bechmann1, Martin Gericke7. 1. Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Oststrasse 25, D-04317, Leipzig, Germany. 2. Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany. 3. German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Leipzig, Germany. 4. IFB Adiposity Disease, Core Unit, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany. 5. Department of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany. 6. Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA. 7. Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Oststrasse 25, D-04317, Leipzig, Germany. martin.gericke@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Recently, hedgehog (Hh) was identified as a crucial player in adipose tissue development and energy expenditure. Therefore, we tested whether Hh ligands are regulated in obesity. Further, we aimed at identifying potential target cells of Hh signalling and studied the functional impact of Hh signalling on adipose tissue inflammation and glucose metabolism. METHODS: Hh ligands and receptors were analysed in adipose tissue or serum from lean and obese mice as well as in humans. To study the impact on adipose tissue inflammation and glucose metabolism, Hh signalling was specifically blocked in myeloid cells using a conditional knockout approach (Lys-Smo -/-). RESULTS: Desert Hh (DHH) and Indian Hh (IHH) are local Hh ligands, whereas Sonic Hh is not expressed in adipose tissue from mice or humans. In mice, obesity leads to a preferential upregulation of Hh ligands (Dhh) and signalling components (Ptch1, Smo and Gli1) in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Further, adipose tissue macrophages are Hh target cells owing to the expression of Hh receptors, such as Patched1 and 2. Conditional knockout of Smo (which encodes Smoothened, a mandatory Hh signalling component) in myeloid cells increases body weight and adipose tissue inflammation and attenuates glucose tolerance, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of Hh signalling. In humans, adipose tissue expression of DHH and serum IHH decrease with obesity and type 2 diabetes, which might be explained by the intake of metformin. Interestingly, metformin reduced Dhh and Ihh expression in mouse adipose tissue explants. CONCLUSIONS/ INTERPRETATION: Hh signalling in myeloid cells affects adipose tissue inflammation and glucose metabolism and may be a potential target to treat type 2 diabetes.
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Recently, hedgehog (Hh) was identified as a crucial player in adipose tissue development and energy expenditure. Therefore, we tested whether Hh ligands are regulated in obesity. Further, we aimed at identifying potential target cells of Hh signalling and studied the functional impact of Hh signalling on adipose tissue inflammation and glucose metabolism. METHODS: Hh ligands and receptors were analysed in adipose tissue or serum from lean and obesemice as well as in humans. To study the impact on adipose tissue inflammation and glucose metabolism, Hh signalling was specifically blocked in myeloid cells using a conditional knockout approach (Lys-Smo -/-). RESULTS: Desert Hh (DHH) and Indian Hh (IHH) are local Hh ligands, whereas Sonic Hh is not expressed in adipose tissue from mice or humans. In mice, obesity leads to a preferential upregulation of Hh ligands (Dhh) and signalling components (Ptch1, Smo and Gli1) in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Further, adipose tissue macrophages are Hh target cells owing to the expression of Hh receptors, such as Patched1 and 2. Conditional knockout of Smo (which encodes Smoothened, a mandatory Hh signalling component) in myeloid cells increases body weight and adipose tissue inflammation and attenuates glucose tolerance, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of Hh signalling. In humans, adipose tissue expression of DHH and serum IHH decrease with obesity and type 2 diabetes, which might be explained by the intake of metformin. Interestingly, metformin reduced Dhh and Ihh expression in mouse adipose tissue explants. CONCLUSIONS/ INTERPRETATION: Hh signalling in myeloid cells affects adipose tissue inflammation and glucose metabolism and may be a potential target to treat type 2 diabetes.
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