Objective: To explore prognostic significance of early assessment of minimal residual leukemia (MRD) in adult patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with mutated NPM1. Methods: The response, NPM1 mutated transcript level after induction chemotherapy and the first 2 cycles of consolidation chemotherapy, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in 137 patients with AML with NPM1 mutations of A, B and D were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Data of 137 patients were collected, 67 were male, the median age was 49 years (16-67 years) , 107 (78.1%) had normal karyotype, 57 (41.6%) had positive FLT3-ITD mutation, the median NPM1 mutated transcript level at diagnosis was 84.1%. Among the 134 evaluable patients, 115 (85.8%) achieved a complete remission (CR) . Multivariate analyses revealed that WBC<100×10(9)/L (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.9, P=0.027) and first induction therapy with "IA10" protocol (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8, P=0.015) were factors associated with achieving a CR. With a median follow-up period of 24 months (range, 2 to 91 months) in 77 survived CR patients, the probabilities of DFS and OS at 3 years were 48.0% and 63.9%, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that positive FLT3-ITD (HR=3.2, 95% CI 1.6-6.7, P=0.002) , high MRD level after 2 cycles of consolidation chemotherapy (NPM1 mutation transcript level <3-log reduction from the individual baseline, HR=23.2, 95% CI 7.0-76.6, P<0.001) and chemotherapy or autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) rather than allogeneic HSCT (allo-HSCT) (HR=2.6, 95% CI 1.0-6.6, P=0.045) were the unfavorable factors affecting DFS, high MRD level at the time of achieving the first CR (NPM1 mutation transcript level <2-log reduction from the individual baseline, OR=2.5, 95% CI 1.0-6.1, P=0.040) and after 2 cycles of consolidation chemotherapy (HR=4.5, 95% CI 2.0-10.3, P<0.001) were the unfavorable factors affecting OS. Furthermore, DFS and OS rates at 3 years in those receiving chemotherapy or auto-HSCT were 39.7% and 59.1%, respectively; positive FLT3-ITD and high MRD level after 2 cycles of consolidation chemotherapy were independent factors associated with both shorter DFS (HR=3.5, 95% CI 1.6-7.6, P=0.002 and HR=8.9, 95% CI 3.8-20.7, P<0.001) and OS (HR=2.7, 95% CI 1.1-6.9, P=0.036 and HR=3.1, 95% CI 1.2-8.0, P=0.021) ; meanwhile, high MRD level at the time of achieving the first CR associated with shorter OS (HR=3.1, 95% CI 1.2-8.0, P=0.022) . Conclusion: Positive FLT3-ITD mutation and high MRD level after induction or consolidation chemotherapy associated with poor outcomes in AML patients with mutated NPM1.
Objective: To explore prognostic significance of early assessment of minimal residual leukemia (MRD) in adult patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with mutated NPM1. Methods: The response, NPM1 mutated transcript level after induction chemotherapy and the first 2 cycles of consolidation chemotherapy, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in 137 patients with AML with NPM1 mutations of A, B and D were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Data of 137 patients were collected, 67 were male, the median age was 49 years (16-67 years) , 107 (78.1%) had normal karyotype, 57 (41.6%) had positive FLT3-ITD mutation, the median NPM1 mutated transcript level at diagnosis was 84.1%. Among the 134 evaluable patients, 115 (85.8%) achieved a complete remission (CR) . Multivariate analyses revealed that WBC<100×10(9)/L (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.9, P=0.027) and first induction therapy with "IA10" protocol (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8, P=0.015) were factors associated with achieving a CR. With a median follow-up period of 24 months (range, 2 to 91 months) in 77 survived CRpatients, the probabilities of DFS and OS at 3 years were 48.0% and 63.9%, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that positive FLT3-ITD (HR=3.2, 95% CI 1.6-6.7, P=0.002) , high MRD level after 2 cycles of consolidation chemotherapy (NPM1 mutation transcript level <3-log reduction from the individual baseline, HR=23.2, 95% CI 7.0-76.6, P<0.001) and chemotherapy or autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) rather than allogeneic HSCT (allo-HSCT) (HR=2.6, 95% CI 1.0-6.6, P=0.045) were the unfavorable factors affecting DFS, high MRD level at the time of achieving the first CR (NPM1 mutation transcript level <2-log reduction from the individual baseline, OR=2.5, 95% CI 1.0-6.1, P=0.040) and after 2 cycles of consolidation chemotherapy (HR=4.5, 95% CI 2.0-10.3, P<0.001) were the unfavorable factors affecting OS. Furthermore, DFS and OS rates at 3 years in those receiving chemotherapy or auto-HSCT were 39.7% and 59.1%, respectively; positive FLT3-ITD and high MRD level after 2 cycles of consolidation chemotherapy were independent factors associated with both shorter DFS (HR=3.5, 95% CI 1.6-7.6, P=0.002 and HR=8.9, 95% CI 3.8-20.7, P<0.001) and OS (HR=2.7, 95% CI 1.1-6.9, P=0.036 and HR=3.1, 95% CI 1.2-8.0, P=0.021) ; meanwhile, high MRD level at the time of achieving the first CR associated with shorter OS (HR=3.1, 95% CI 1.2-8.0, P=0.022) . Conclusion: Positive FLT3-ITD mutation and high MRD level after induction or consolidation chemotherapy associated with poor outcomes in AMLpatients with mutated NPM1.
一、病例自2007年7月1日至2015年12月31日,本所共收治初治成人伴NPM1突变AML患者156例,其中NPM1为主要突变类型(A、B、D)者为137例。所有患者经细胞形态学、免疫学、遗传学、分子生物学诊断分型[9],除外骨髓增生异常综合征转化型AML、治疗相关AML及其他类型初发AML。患者无严重心、肺、肝、肾功能不全和重症感染,ECOG评分≤3分。随访截至2016年3月31日。二、白血病相关检查方法和频率骨髓细胞免疫表型分析方法见文献[10]。细胞遗传学分析:骨髓标本采用G显带法分析染色体核型。分子生物学检测:采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测NPM1基因A、B和D三种主要突变体及AML1-ETO、PML-RARα、CBF-MTH11、MLL相关、BCR-ABL转录本水平,采用定性PCR方法检测FLT3-ITD突变[11]–[12]。初诊时进行骨髓细胞形态学、免疫分型、染色体及分子学分析,筛选出NPM1基因主要突变类型阳性的患者,每个疗程化疗后复查骨髓细胞形态学及NPM1突变转录本水平。三、治疗方案1.诱导治疗:采用“3+7”方案[蒽环类药物去甲氧柔红霉素(IDA,8或10 mg/m2第1~3天)、柔红霉素(DNR,35~45 mg/m2第1~3天)或米托蒽醌(MIT,8或10 mg第1~3天)联合阿糖胞苷(Ara-C,100 mg/m2第1~7天)]、HAA方案或CAG方案化疗[13]。获得部分缓解(PR)患者采用原方案再诱导,未缓解(NR)者换用其他方案。2.缓解后治疗:获得CR患者以原方案巩固1个疗程,再给予2~4个疗程大剂量Ara-C(2 g/m2,每12 h 1次,第1~3天),之后接受DA、MA、HAA等方案化疗,巩固治疗至少6个疗程。在CR1期,部分患者根据个人情况,在至少巩固治疗2个疗程后接受自体造血干细胞移植(auto-HSCT)或allo-HSCT,移植方案参见文献[14]–[15]。四、评估指标及随访CR、PR、NR、复发和总生存(OS)的评估标准参见文献[9]。早期死亡:在可以评估疗效前死亡。无病生存(DFS)时间:从第1次获得CR之日至复发或者任何原因死亡、末次随访之日的时间。患者NPM1突变转录本下降水平是以各时间点NPM1突变转录本水平较自身诊断时基线水平下降的对数级评估。五、统计学处理采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析。率的比较采用χ2检验,单因素分析P<0.1的变量代入二元logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。累积复发率(CIR)采用竞争风险模型R软件分析。DFS、OS采用Kaplan-Meier方法进行Log-rank检验,P<0.1的变量带入Cox回归模型进行多因素分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结果
一、患者诊断时的疾病特征137例NPM1主要突变阳性的AML患者中,男67例,女70例,中位年龄49(16~67)岁,FAB分型为M4或M5型61例(44.5%),M1、M2或M6型76例(55.5%)。WBC、HGB、PLT中位数分别为31.8×109/L、88 g/L、66×109/L。染色体正常核型107例(78.1%),异常核型17例(12.4%),无结果13例(9.5%)。FLT3-ITD突变阳性57例(41.6%),NPM1突变转录本中位水平为84.1%(4.1%~509.9%)。二、治疗反应137例患者中,3例(2.2%)早期死亡。134例可评估的患者中,1个疗程诱导治疗后,98例(73.1%)获得CR,8例(6.0%)PR,28例(20.9%)NR。在36例1个疗程未获CR的患者中,30例继续诱导化疗,其中14例(46.7%)在第2个疗程后达CR,在第3和第5个疗程后获得CR分别有2例和1例。共计115例(85.8%)患者最终获CR。78例FLT3-ITD突变阴性患者与56例FLT3-ITD突变阳性患者总CR率分别为89.7%和80.4%。初始诱导治疗为“IA10”方案(IDA 10 mg/m2第1~3天联合Ara-C)者CR率为93.2%。MA、CAG、HAA、其他剂量IA方案的CR率差异无统计学意义,总体为77.0%。三、影响获得CR的因素分析134例可评估患者发病时特征[性别、年龄(以40岁为界)、FAB分型(是否为M4或M5型)、发病时WBC、HGB、PLT(分别以100×109/L、100 g/L、100×109/L为界)、染色体核型(是否正常)、FLT3-ITD(是否阳性)、NPM1突变转录本水平(以中位数85%为界)]和首次诱导方案(是否为“IA10”)与最终获得CR的关系。单因素分析显示,女性(91.4%对79.7%,P=0.052)、WBC<100×109/L(88.8%对66.7%,P=0.012)、PLT≥100×109/L(94.9%对82.1%,P=0.054)及首次诱导采用“IA10”方案(93.2%对77.0%,P=0.008)的患者获得CR的比例显著增高。多因素分析显示,WBC<100×109/L(OR=0.3,95% CI 0.1~0.9,P=0.027)、“IA10”方案(OR=0.2, 95% CI 0.1~0.8,P=0.015)是获得CR的有利因素。四、化疗后MRD水平的动力学变化108例连续治疗和随访的CR患者中,分别有103、99和93例在首次获得CR时及巩固1、2个疗程后评估了NPM1突变转录本水平,较治疗前自身基线水平分别中位下降了1.89、3和3个对数级(图1)。
图1
化疗后不同时间点NPM1突变转录本水平较治疗前自身基线下降情况
五、复发和生存未获CR患者均于8个月内死亡、放弃治疗或失访。115例终获CR的患者中,108例持续治疗并随访,中位随访19(1~91)个月,其中77例存活的CR患者中位随访24(2~91)个月。观察期内,75例(69.4%)持续接受化疗,其中FLT3-ITD突变阳性患者21例(26.9%)。在CR1状态下,3例(2.8%)FLT3-ITD突变阴性患者在巩固治疗5~7个疗程后接受auto-HSCT;30例(27.8%)在中位巩固治疗3(2~6)个疗程后接受allo-HSCT(包括同胞全相合移植9例,单倍体移植20例,非血缘移植1例),其中FLT3-ITD突变阳性21例(70.0%)。最终,40例复发,包括36例化疗患者和4例allo-HSCT患者,CR1持续中位时间为7(2~36)个月。复发患者中,16例放弃治疗或失访,其余24例中仅6例(25.0%)再诱导化疗后获得CR2。此后,6例患者中,3例分别在获得CR2后3、8、9个月再次复发,1例处于CR2已2个月,1例2个月后失访,1例感染死亡。随访期内,31例死亡,其中27例死于复发,4例死于移植相关并发症。108例CR患者中,3年CIR、DFS和OS率分别为48.4%、48.0%和63.9%。78例持续化疗或auto-HSCT患者中,3年CIR、DFS和OS率分别为60.3%、39.7%和59.1%。30例allo-HSCT患者中,3年CIR、DFS和OS率分别为16.6%、69.5%和77.9%。单因素分析患者发病时的疾病特征、首次诱导方案(是否为“IA10”)、首次诱导化疗是否获得CR和各疗程后MRD水平(与诊断时自身基线相比,NPM1突变转录本水平在首次获得CR时是否下降≥2个对数级、巩固1个疗程和2个疗程后是否下降≥3个对数级)以及获得CR1后的治疗模式[持续接受化疗(或auto-HSCT)或allo-HSCT]与DFS和OS的关系,单因素分析结果见表1。多因素分析结果显示:巩固治疗2个疗程后MRD高水平(NPM1突变转录本水平下降<3个对数级)是影响患者DFS(HR=23.1,95% CI 7.0~76.6,P<0.001)和OS(HR=4.5,95% CI 2.0~10.3,P<0.001)的共同不利因素;此外,FLT3-ITD突变阳性(HR=3.2,95% CI 1.6~6.7,P=0.002)和持续接受化疗或auto-HSCT(而非allo-HSCT)(HR=2.6,95% CI 1.0~6.6,P=0.045)是影响患者DFS的不利因素,首次获得CR时MRD高水平(NPM1突变转录本水平下降<2个对数级,HR=2.5,95% CI 1.0~6.1,P=0.040)是影响患者OS的不利因素。
注:CR:完全缓解;DFS:无病生存;OS:总生存;MRD:微小残留病;auto-HSCT:自体造血干细胞移植;allo-HSCT:异基因造血干细胞移植六、接受不同治疗模式CR患者的预后影响因素分析1.非allo-HSCT患者:在78例接受化疗或auto-HSCT患者中,单因素分析见表1。多因素分析确定:FLT3-ITD突变阳性和巩固治疗2个疗程后MRD高水平是独立影响患者DFS(HR=3.5,95% CI 1.6~7.6,P=0.002和HR=8.9,95% CI 3.8~20.7,P<0.001)和OS(HR=2.7,95% CI 1.1~6.9,P=0.036和HR=3.1,95% CI 1.2~8.0,P=0.021)的共同不利因素;此外,首次获得CR时MRD高水平(HR=3.1,95%CI 1.2~8.0,P=0.022)是影响OS的不利因素。根据影响DFS和OS的共同危险因素(FLT3-ITD突变阳性和巩固治疗2个疗程后MRD高水平)将患者分为三组:低危(无危险因素,43例)、中危(具有1个危险因素,16例)和高危(具有2个危险因素,9例),各组3年DFS率(56.9%、14.5%和0,P<0.001)和OS率(73.0%、30.5%和13.9%,P<0.001)差异均有统计学意义(图2)。
注:危险因素为FLT3-ITD突变阳性和巩固治疗2个疗程后NPM1突变转录本水平较治疗前下降<3个对数级进一步分析57例FLT3-ITD突变阴性患者,其中51例评估了2个疗程后MRD水平。8例巩固治疗2个疗程后MRD高水平的患者3年DFS率(0)显著低于43例MRD低水平的患者(56.9%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。多因素分析证实,巩固治疗2个疗程后MRD水平为唯一影响患者DFS的因素(HR=4.0,95% CI 1.3~12.0,P=0.016),未发现与OS相关的因素。在21例FLT3-ITD突变阳性患者中,17例评估了2个疗程后MRD水平。单因素分析,巩固治疗2个疗程后MRD高水平的患者2年DFS率(9例,0)显著低于MRD低水平者(8例,45.0%)(P<0.001),2年OS率有降低趋势(13.9对57.1%,P=0.067)。2.allo-HSCT患者:30例在CR1接受allo-HSCT患者的单因素分析结果显示,FAB分型为M4/5和非M4/5患者相比,3年DFS率和OS率显著降低(45.7%对78.6%,P=0.048和46.7%对92.9%,P=0.006);巩固治疗2个疗程后MRD高水平和低水平患者相比,3年DFS率和OS率亦显著降低(33.3%对74.9%,P<0.001和66.7%对82.4%,P=0.050)。七、FLT3-ITD突变阳性和阴性CR患者的预后影响因素分析1.FLT3-ITD突变阴性患者:在全部66例FLT3-ITD突变阴性患者中,接受化疗(或auto-HSCT)(57例)与allo-HSCT(9例)均不影响3年DFS率(49.9%对63.5%,P=0.593)和OS率(70.0%对85.7%,P=0.277);在其中可评估的50例治疗2个疗程后MRD低水平患者中,治疗方式(化疗43例,allo-HSCT 7例)也不影响3年DFS率(56.9%对71.4%,P=0.536)和OS率(73.0%对85.7%,P=0.394)。可评估的10例巩固治疗2个疗程后MRD高水平患者中,8例持续化疗,其中5例复发,2例复发后死亡;2例接受allo-HSCT,1例复发后死亡。基于患者疾病和治疗相关特征(如上文所述)的单因素分析结果见表1,多因素分析确认,巩固治疗2个疗程后MRD水平为唯一影响FLT3-ITD突变阴性患者DFS的因素(HR=5.1,95% CI 1.9~13.8,P=0.002),未发现与OS相关的因素。2.FLT3-ITD突变阳性患者:在42例FLT3-ITD突变阳性患者中,接受allo-HSCT的患者3年DFS率(分别为75.0%和15.6%,P<0.001)和OS率(分别为73.5%和30.8%,P=0.027)显著高于化疗(或auto-HSCT)患者。
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