In the title 1-oxo-1,2-di-hydro-naphthalene derivatives, C28H24O6, (I), C34H22O5S, (II), and C27H20O3S2, (III), the cyclo-hexa-1,3-diene rings of the 1,2-di-hydro-naphthalene ring systems adopt half-chair, boat and half-chair conformations, respectively. The carbonyl O atoms attached to the di-hydro-naphthalene ring systems are each significantly deviated from the mean plane of the 1,2-di-hydro-naphthalene ring system, by 0.6162 (12) Å in (I), 0.6016 (16) Å in (II) and 0.515 (3) Å in (III). The mean planes of the 1,2-di-hydro-naphthalene ring systems make dihedral angles of 85.83 (3), 88.19 (3) and 81.67 (8)°, respectively, with the methyl-phenyl ring in (I), the pyrene ring in (II) and the phenyl ring in (III). In (I), the mol-ecular structure is stabilized by an intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond, generating an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal of (I), mol-ecules are linked by an inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates a C(8) zigzag chain running along [100]. Adjacent chains are further connected by C-H⋯π and offset π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.6572 (9) Å], forming a double-chain structure. In the crystals of (II) and (III), mol-ecules are linked into chain structures by offset π-π inter-actions with centroid-centroid distances of 3.5349 (12) and 3.8845 (13) Å for (II) and 3.588 (2) Å for (III). In (II) and (III), the thio-phene rings are orientationally disordered over two sites, with occupancy ratios of 0.69:0.31 for (II), and 0.528 (4):0.472 (4) and 0.632 (5):0.368 (5) for (III).
In the title 1-oxo-1,2-di-hydro-naphthalene derivatives, C28H24O6, (I), C34H22O5S, (II), and C27H20O3S2, (III), the cyclo-hexa-1,3-diene rings of the 1,2-di-hydro-naphthalene ring systems adopt half-chair, boat and half-chair conformations, respectively. The carbonyl O atoms attached to the di-hydro-naphthalene ring systems are each significantly deviated from the mean plane of the 1,2-di-hydro-naphthalene ring system, by 0.6162 (12) Å in (I), 0.6016 (16) Å in (II) and 0.515 (3) Å in (III). The mean planes of the 1,2-di-hydro-naphthalene ring systems make dihedral angles of 85.83 (3), 88.19 (3) and 81.67 (8)°, respectively, with the methyl-phenyl ring in (I), the pyrene ring in (II) and the phenyl ring in (III). In (I), the mol-ecular structure is stabilized by an intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond, generating an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal of (I), mol-ecules are linked by an inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates a C(8) zigzag chain running along [100]. Adjacent chains are further connected by C-H⋯π and offset π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.6572 (9) Å], forming a double-chain structure. In the crystals of (II) and (III), mol-ecules are linked into chain structures by offset π-π inter-actions with centroid-centroid distances of 3.5349 (12) and 3.8845 (13) Å for (II) and 3.588 (2) Å for (III). In (II) and (III), the thio-phene rings are orientationally disordered over two sites, with occupancy ratios of 0.69:0.31 for (II), and 0.528 (4):0.472 (4) and 0.632 (5):0.368 (5) for (III).
Naphthalene derivatives have been employed extensively in many fields, and some of them possess important biological and commercial applications, including use as disinfectants, insecticides and auxin plant hormones, and rooting agents (Morikawa & Takahashi, 2004 ▸). The bicyclic naphthalene skeleton constitutes a large number of clinical drugs, such as propranolol (Crowther & Smith, 1968 ▸), naproxen (Harrison et al., 1970 ▸), an anti-inflammatory agent (Goudie et al., 1978 ▸) and methallenestril (a non-steroid oestrogen). Dihydroxynaphthalene derivatives are a class of intermediates important for applications in dye synthesis (Bianchi et al., 1997 ▸) or as monomers in the preparation of polymers, such as polyesters (Blundell & Buckingham, 1985 ▸; Aitken et al., 1992 ▸) and polynapthooxazines (Shen & Ishida, 1996 ▸). 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives are used for the treatment of central nervous system disorders (Jerussi et al., 2004 ▸; Taber et al., 2004 ▸). Tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives are also used in liquid crystal display elements (Ray et al., 2003 ▸). 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid is well known as a growth regulator/stimulator in a variety of fruits and vegetables (Garriz et al., 2004 ▸; Li et al., 2004 ▸). Against this background, we synthesized the title compounds (I), (II) and (III) and report herein on their crystal structures and molecular conformations.
Structural commentary
The molecular structures of the title compounds (I), (II) and (III) are shown in Figs. 1 ▸, 2 ▸ and 3 ▸, respectively. The cyclohexa-1,3-diene rings (C1/C6–C10) of the 1,2-dihydro naphthalene ring systems of compounds (I), (II) and (III) adopt half-chair, boat and half-chair conformations, respectively, with puckering and smallest displacement parameters of q = 0.3370 (16) Å, θ = 115.7 (3)°, φ = 337.2 (3)° and ΔCs = 5.4 (2) for (I), q = 0.257 (2) Å, θ = 66.6 (4)°, φ = 136.9 (5)° and ΔCs = 6.9 (2) for (II), and q = 0.287 (3) Å, θ = 114.7 (6)°, φ = 337.2 (7)° and ΔCs = 4.4 (4) for (III). In each compound, the carbonyl oxygen atom O1 deviates significantly from the mean plane of the 1,2-dihydronapthalene ring system [by 0.6453 (13) Å for (I), 0.6016 (16) Å for (II) and 0.548 (3) Å for (III)]. The mean planes of the 1,2-dihydronaphthalene ring systems make dihedral angles of 85.83 (3), 88.19 (3) and 81.67 (8)° with the methylphenyl ring in (I), the pyrene ring in (II) and the phenyl ring in (III).
Figure 1
The molecular structure of compound (I), with the atom-numbering scheme. The intramolecular C—H⋯O interaction with an S(6) ring motif is shown as a dashed line. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level. H atoms are shown as spheres of arbitrary radius.
Figure 2
The molecular structure of compound (II), with the atom-numbering scheme. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level. H atoms are shown as spheres of arbitrary radius. For the sake of clarity, the minor component of the disordered thiophene ring has been omitted.
Figure 3
The molecular structure of compound (III), with the atom-numbering scheme. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level. H atoms are shown as spheres of arbitrary radius. For the sake of clarity, the minor components of the disordered thiophene rings have been omitted.
In (I), the methoxyphenyl ring is inclined by 19.41 (5) and 67.84 (4)°, respectively, to the methylphenyl ring and the mean plane of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene ring system. The methyl group carbon atom C28 deviates slightly [by 0.115 (2) Å] from the C22–C27 ring. The molecular structure is stabilized by an intramolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond with an S(6) ring motif (Table 1 ▸). In (II), the pyrene moiety is essentially planar with a maximum deviation of 0.085 (2) Å for atom C27. The thiophene ring is orientationally disordered over two sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.69:0.31. In (III), the two thiophene rings are also disordered with occupancy ratios of 0.528 (4):0.472 (4) and 0.632 (5):0.368 (5).
Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) for (I)
Cg4 is the centroid of the C22–C27 benzene ring.
D—H⋯A
D—H
H⋯A
D⋯A
D—H⋯A
C27—H27⋯O1
0.93
2.52
3.109 (2)
121
C16—H16⋯O1i
0.93
2.52
3.344 (3)
148
C3—H3⋯Cg4ii
0.93
2.78
3.656 (2)
157
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) .
Supramolecular features
In the crystal of compound (I), the molecules are linked via C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (C16—H16⋯O1i; Table 1 ▸), generating a C(8) zigzag chain along to [100]. Adjacent chains are further linked into a double-chain structure (Fig. 4 ▸) through C—H⋯π and π–π interactions [C3—H3⋯Cg4ii; Table 1 ▸; Cg1⋯Cg1ii = 3.6572 (9) Å, interplanar distance = 3.443 (1) Å, slippage = 1.232 Å; Cg1 and Cg4 are the centroids of the C1–C6 and C22–C27 benzene rings, respectively].
Figure 4
A packing diagram of compound (I), viewed along the b axis, showing the C16—H16⋯O1i and C3—H3⋯Cg4ii interactions (dashed lines). Cg4 is the centroid of the C22–C27 benzene ring. [Symmetry codes: (i) −1 + x, y, z; (ii) 2 − x, 1 − y, 1 − z.]
In the crystal of (II), the molecules are linked by offset π–π interactions, forming a chain along [101] [Cg3⋯Cg6iii = 3.5349 (12) Å, interplanar distance = 3.466 (1) Å; Cg3⋯Cg7iii = 3.8845 (13) Å, interplanar distance = 3.468 (1) Å; Cg3, Cg6 and Cg7 are the centroids of the C1–C6, C22–C25/C33/C34 and C25–C29/C34 benzene rings, respectively; symmetry code: (iii) − + x, 1/2-y, − + z; Fig. 5 ▸]. In the crystal of (III), the molecules are linked into a chain along [001] by an offset π–π interaction [Cg5⋯Cg7iv = 3.888 (2) Å, interplanar distance = 3.632 (1) Å; Cg5 and Cg7 are the centroids of the benzene C1–C6 and C22–C27 rings, respectively; symmetry code: (iv) x, 3/2-y, + z; Fig. 6 ▸].
Figure 5
A packing diagram of compound (II), viewed approximately along the a axis, showing the π–π interactions (dashed lines). H atoms have been omitted for clarity. Cg3, Cg6 and Cg7 are the centroids of the C1–C6, C22–C25/C33/C34 and C25–C29/C34 benzene rings, respectively. [Symmetry code: (iii) − + x, − y, − + z.]
Figure 6
A packing diagram of compound (III), showing the π–π interactions (dashed lines). H atoms have been excluded for clarity. Cg5 and Cg7 are the centroids of the C1–C6 and C22–C27 benzene rings, respectively. [Symmetry code: (iv) x, − y, − + z.]
Synthesis and crystallization
Compound (I): To a stirred solution of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-p-tolylisobenzofuran (1 g, 3.31 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) (0.52 g, 3.64 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Removal of the solvent was followed by column chromatographic purification (silica gel; 15% ethyl acetate in hexane) gave the isobenzofuran–DMAD adduct as a colorless solid (1.31 g, 87%). To a stirred solution of isobenzofuran–DMAD adduct (0.30 g, 0.678 mmol) in dry DCM, BF3·OEt2 (0.04 g, 0.28 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Removal of the solvent followed by column chromatographic purification (silica gel; 15% ethyl acetate in hexane) gave compound (I) (0.28 g, 94%) as a colorless solid. Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were prepared by slow evaporation from an ethyl acetate solution of (I) at room temperature, m.p. 480–481 K.Compound (II): To a stirred solution of 1-(pyren-1-yl)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)isobenzofuran (0.50 g, 1.25 mmol) in dry DCM (10 ml), DMAD (0.19 g, 1.32 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. To this, BF3·OEt2 (0.075 g, 0.53 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Removal of the solvent followed by column chromatographic purification (silia gel; 15% ethyl acetate in hexane) afforded compound (II) as a yellow solid. Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were prepared by slow evaporation from an ethyl acetate solution of (II) at room temperature, m.p. 469–471 K.Compound (III): To a solution of 1,3-di(thiophen-2-yl)isobenzo furan (0.50 g, 1.77 mmol) in dry toluene (15 ml), ethyl-3-phenylpropiolate (0.34 g, 1.95 mmol) was added and refluxed till the consumption of 1,3-di(thiophen-2-yl)isobenzofuran (disappearance of fluorescent colour in 8 h). After removal of toluene in vacuo, the crude adduct was dissolved in dry DCM (15 ml), BF3·OEt2 (0.075 g, 0.52 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min at room temperature. Removal of the solvent was followed by column chromatographic purification (silica gel; 15% ethyl accetate in hexane) which afforded compound (III) as a green solid (0.53 g, 65%). Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were prepared by slow evaporation from an ethyl acetate solution of (III) at room temperature, m.p. 383–385 K.
Refinement
Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 2 ▸. For all compounds, H atoms were localized in difference Fourier maps and were then constrained geometrically with C—H = 0.93, 0.96 and 0.97 Å for aryl, methyl and methylene H atoms, respectively, allowing for rotation of the methyl groups. The U
iso(H) values were set to 1.5U
eq(C) for methyl H atoms and 1.2U
eq(C) for other H atoms. In compound (II), the thiophene ring is disordered and the occupancy ratio was refined to 0.691 (3):0.309 (3), which was then fixed at 0.69:0.31 in the final refinement. In compound (III), the two thiophene rings are disordered with refined occupancy ratios of 0.528 (4):0.472 (4) and 0.632 (5):0.368 (5). For (II) and (III), ellipsoid displacement restraints (SIMU and DELU) and bond length restraints (DFIX) with C—S = 1.70 (1) Å, C—C = 1.50 (1) Å and C=C = 1.40 (1) Å were applied to the disordered rings.
Table 2
Experimental details
(I)
(II)
(III)
Crystal data
Chemical formula
C28H24O6
C34H22O5S
C27H20O3S2
Mr
456.47
542.58
456.55
Crystal system, space group
Triclinic, P
Monoclinic, P21/n
Monoclinic, P21/c
Temperature (K)
296
296
296
a, b, c (Å)
7.5256 (2), 10.2095 (3), 15.6299 (4)
10.9268 (10), 18.9670 (14), 12.2628 (9)
12.1263 (11), 11.8009 (11), 16.0657 (13)
α, β, γ (°)
93.990 (1), 94.679 (1), 101.089 (2)
90, 93.030 (2), 90
90, 100.181 (2), 90
V (Å3)
1170.06 (6)
2537.9 (4)
2262.8 (3)
Z
2
4
4
Radiation type
Mo Kα
Mo Kα
Mo Kα
μ (mm−1)
0.09
0.17
0.26
Crystal size (mm)
0.35 × 0.30 × 0.25
0.25 × 0.25 × 0.20
0.25 × 0.25 × 0.15
Data collection
Diffractometer
Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD
Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD
Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD
Absorption correction
Multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2008 ▸)
Multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2008 ▸)
Multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2008 ▸)
Tmin, Tmax
0.969, 0.978
0.958, 0.966
0.937, 0.962
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
22413, 4119, 3346
21576, 4457, 3341
29901, 4110, 2685
Rint
0.027
0.031
0.044
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1)
0.595
0.595
0.603
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S
0.040, 0.111, 1.03
0.039, 0.105, 1.04
0.061, 0.147, 1.09
No. of reflections
4119
4457
4110
No. of parameters
311
400
364
No. of restraints
0
56
100
H-atom treatment
H-atom parameters constrained
H-atom parameters constrained
H-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3)
0.19, −0.21
0.22, −0.22
0.24, −0.24
Computer programs: APEX2and SAINT (Bruker, 2008 ▸), SHELXS97 and SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▸), ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 2012 ▸), Mercury (Macrae et al., 2008 ▸) and PLATON (Spek, 2015 ▸).
Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) I, II, III, global. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017000469/is5470sup1.cifStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017000469/is5470Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) II. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017000469/is5470IIsup3.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) III. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017000469/is5470IIIsup4.hklClick here for additional data file.Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017000469/is5470Isup5.cmlClick here for additional data file.Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017000469/is5470IIsup6.cmlClick here for additional data file.Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017000469/is5470IIIsup7.cmlCCDC references: 997379, 1438209, 1438503Additional supporting information: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: full
Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.040
Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.111
H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.03
w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0547P)2 + 0.2906P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
4119 reflections
(Δ/σ)max = 0.004
311 parameters
Δρmax = 0.19 e Å−3
0 restraints
Δρmin = −0.21 e Å−3
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes)
are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken
into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles
and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only
used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic)
treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and
goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based
on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of
F2 > 2sigma(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is
not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based
on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R-
factors based on ALL data will be even larger.
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: full
Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.039
Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.105
H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.04
w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.042P)2 + 1.1182P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
4457 reflections
(Δ/σ)max = 0.003
400 parameters
Δρmax = 0.22 e Å−3
56 restraints
Δρmin = −0.22 e Å−3
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes)
are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken
into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles
and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only
used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic)
treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and
goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based
on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of
F2 > 2sigma(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is
not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based
on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R-
factors based on ALL data will be even larger.
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: full
Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.061
Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.147
H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.09
w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0338P)2 + 2.9594P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
4110 reflections
(Δ/σ)max = 0.004
364 parameters
Δρmax = 0.24 e Å−3
100 restraints
Δρmin = −0.24 e Å−3
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes)
are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken
into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles
and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only
used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic)
treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and
goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based
on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of
F2 > 2sigma(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is
not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based
on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R-
factors based on ALL data will be even larger.