Suman B Mondal1,2, Shengkui Gao3, Nan Zhu4, LeMoyne Habimana-Griffin1,2, Walter J Akers1, Rongguang Liang4, Viktor Gruev3, Julie Margenthaler5, Samuel Achilefu6,7,8,9. 1. Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. 3. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. 4. College of Optical Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. 5. Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. 6. Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. achilefu@wustl.edu. 7. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. achilefu@wustl.edu. 8. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. achilefu@wustl.edu. 9. Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. achilefu@wustl.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The inability to visualize the patient and surgical site directly, limits the use of current near infrared fluorescence-guided surgery systems for real-time sentinel lymph node biopsy and tumor margin assessment. METHODS: We evaluated an optical see-through goggle augmented imaging and navigation system (GAINS) for near-infrared, fluorescence-guided surgery. Tumor-bearing mice injected with a near infrared cancer-targeting agent underwent fluorescence-guided, tumor resection. Female Yorkshire pigs received hind leg intradermal indocyanine green injection and underwent fluorescence-guided, popliteal lymph node resection. Four breast cancer patients received 99mTc-sulfur colloid and indocyanine green retroareolarly before undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy using radioactive tracking and fluorescence imaging. Three other breast cancer patients received indocyanine green retroareolarly before undergoing standard-of-care partial mastectomy, followed by fluorescence imaging of resected tumor and tumor cavity for margin assessment. RESULTS: Using near-infrared fluorescence from the dyes, the optical see-through GAINS accurately identified all mouse tumors, pig lymphatics, and four pig popliteal lymph nodes with high signal-to-background ratio. In 4 human breast cancer patients, 11 sentinel lymph nodes were identified with a detection sensitivity of 86.67 ± 0.27% for radioactive tracking and 100% for GAINS. Tumor margin status was accurately predicted by GAINS in all three patients, including clear margins in patients 1 and 2 and positive margins in patient 3 as confirmed by paraffin-embedded section histopathology. CONCLUSIONS: The optical see-through GAINS prototype enhances near infrared fluorescence-guided surgery for sentinel lymph node biopsy and tumor margin assessment in breast cancer patients without disrupting the surgical workflow in the operating room.
BACKGROUND: The inability to visualize the patient and surgical site directly, limits the use of current near infrared fluorescence-guided surgery systems for real-time sentinel lymph node biopsy and tumor margin assessment. METHODS: We evaluated an optical see-through goggle augmented imaging and navigation system (GAINS) for near-infrared, fluorescence-guided surgery. Tumor-bearing mice injected with a near infrared cancer-targeting agent underwent fluorescence-guided, tumor resection. Female Yorkshire pigs received hind leg intradermal indocyanine green injection and underwent fluorescence-guided, popliteal lymph node resection. Four breast cancerpatients received 99mTc-sulfur colloid and indocyanine green retroareolarly before undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy using radioactive tracking and fluorescence imaging. Three other breast cancerpatients received indocyanine green retroareolarly before undergoing standard-of-care partial mastectomy, followed by fluorescence imaging of resected tumor and tumor cavity for margin assessment. RESULTS: Using near-infrared fluorescence from the dyes, the optical see-through GAINS accurately identified all mousetumors, pig lymphatics, and four pig popliteal lymph nodes with high signal-to-background ratio. In 4 humanbreast cancerpatients, 11 sentinel lymph nodes were identified with a detection sensitivity of 86.67 ± 0.27% for radioactive tracking and 100% for GAINS. Tumor margin status was accurately predicted by GAINS in all three patients, including clear margins in patients 1 and 2 and positive margins in patient 3 as confirmed by paraffin-embedded section histopathology. CONCLUSIONS: The optical see-through GAINS prototype enhances near infrared fluorescence-guided surgery for sentinel lymph node biopsy and tumor margin assessment in breast cancerpatients without disrupting the surgical workflow in the operating room.
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