Prevalence of and factors associated with anxiety and depression in Korean patients with newly diagnosed advanced gastrointestinal cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with anxiety and depression in Korean patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer.
METHODS: One hundred and twenty consecutive patients with newly diagnosed, advanced gastrointestinal cancer who were scheduled to receive palliative chemotherapy between July 2012 and June 2014 were enrolled in this observational prospective study. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).
RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients (30.8%) had anxiety or depression with clinical significance according to HADS or PHQ-9. Multivariate analysis identified lower performance status (odds ratio [OR], 4.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22 to 14.35; p = 0.023), gastric cancer (OR, 5.39; 95% CI, 0.37 to 78.23; p = 0.018), and knowledge of advanced cancer (OR, 15.07; 95% CI, 1.80 to 125.90; p = 0.012) as significantly associated with anxiety or depression. Twenty-one patients with anxiety or depression visited the psycho-oncologic clinic. In these patients, PHQ-9 score (p = 0.008), global health status (p = 0.023), fatigue (p = 0.047), and appetite loss (p = 0.006) improved from baseline to 3 months after study enrollment.
CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 30% of Korean patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer had anxiety or depression. The prevalence of anxiety or depression was higher in patients with poor performance status, gastric cancer, or knowledge of advanced cancer. Psychiatric interventions may be effective in reducing depression and improving quality of life in cancer patients with anxiety or depression.

INTRODUCTION

Distress in cancer patients is a multifactorial, unpleasant emotional experience of a psychological, social, and/or spiritual nature that may interfere with the ability to cope effectively with cancer, its physical symptoms, and its treatment [1]. For this reason, distress is referred to as the sixth vital sign in cancer care and should be recognized, monitored, documented, and treated promptly at all stages of disease and in all settings [1]. Psychological distress, such as anxiety or depression, in cancer patients reduces quality of life (QOL), negatively impacts compliance with medical treatment, and carries an elevated risk of mortality [2-6]. A recent Korean study reported that the prevalence of psychological distress was 56.5% in cancer patients, and that psychological distress was associated with poor performance status [7]. Another Korean study reported that 28.8% of cancer patients experienced psychological distress, and female gender, low education level, and low performance status were significantly associated with this condition [8].

Anxiety and depression are more common in advanced cancer than in the early stage of cancer, where the prevalence is 25% to 65% and 22% to 56%, respectively [7-13]. The wide variation in reported prevalence can be attributed to different research samples with different risk factors, measurement tools, and diagnostic criteria. Although there are many studies on psychological distress in cancer patients, most studies on anxiety and depression have focused on all cancers, or on breast or lung cancers, and there are few studies on the prevalence of and factors associated with psychological distress in patients with gastrointestinal cancer [14-16]. Furthermore, although the incidence of gastrointestinal cancer in Korea is relatively high compared with other cancers [17], there are no studies on the prevalence of and factors associated with anxiety or depression in Korean patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer.

The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with anxiety and depression in Korean patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer requiring palliative chemotherapy, and to investigate the effect of psychiatric intervention in patients with anxiety or depression.

METHODS

Patients

All eligible patients with newly diagnosed advanced or metastatic gastrointestinal cancer in Chungbuk National University Hospital were considered for this study. The following inclusion criteria were applied: age > 18 years; histologically confirmed advanced gastrointestinal cancer including esophagus, gastric, colorectal, liver, pancreas, and bile duct cancer; scheduled to receive palliative chemotherapy; life expectancy ≥ 3 months; ability to understand the Korean language; and normal cognitive function. Patients were excluded if they had a terminal condition, low performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] performance status ≥ 3), cognitive impairment, history of a psychological disorder or substance abuse, or a severe comorbid illness. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment in the study. This observational study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chungbuk National University Hospital.

Procedure

Anxiety, depression, and QOL were evaluated at initial diagnosis of advanced gastrointestinal cancer (baseline) and at 3 months after study enrollment. Patients with anxiety or depression at baseline were invited to visit a psycho-oncology clinic, and patients who agreed to visit the psycho-oncology clinic were invited for a psychiatric assessment. Major psychiatric disorders were evaluated face-to-face by one psychiatrist using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Korean version 5.0 [18]. A psychiatric diagnosis was made according to the criteria of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [19].

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics

Sociodemographic data (marital status, education level, employment status, monthly income, and knowledge of advanced cancer that could only be treated with palliative therapy) were obtained from standardized questions. Clinical data (age, sex, ECOG performance status, and type of cancer) were obtained from a physician’s assessment and the patient’s medical record.

Patient-reported measures

Anxiety and depression were evaluated using both the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Korean version. QOL was evaluated using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30), Korean version 3.

The HADS is a 14-item questionnaire consisting of two subscales, anxiety and depression, each including seven items. Each item is scored on a four-point scale ranging from zero to three, and subscale scores range from zero, indicating no distress, to 21, indicating maximum distress. A score ≥ 8 on either of the two HADS subscales is considered to be clinically significant [20]. The PHQ-9 is a nine-item measure that evaluates symptoms of major depressive disorder according to the criteria of the DSM-IV. Each item is rated on a scale of zero to three and the total score ranges from zero to 27. A major depressive disorder was considered if a patient reported at least five of the nine symptoms of depression on the PHQ-9, with one of the five symptoms being either depressed mood or anhedonia, and a high score indicated a high level of depression [21].

The EORTC QLQ-C30 is a cancer-specific questionnaire that evaluates health-related QOL. It consists of 30 items and is organized into the following dimensions: global health status, function (physical function, role function, cognitive function, emotional function, and social function), and symptoms (fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain, dyspnea, insomnia, loss of appetite, constipation, diarrhea, and financial difficulties). Higher scores for global health status and on the functional scales indicate better overall QOL and level of functioning, and higher scores on the symptom scales indicate a higher level of symptomatology and worse QOL [22].

Statistical analysis

Data are summarized as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, and mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables. Chi-square tests were used to compare percentages, and independent sample t tests were used to compare mean values between patients with and without anxiety or depression. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the relations between anxiety or depression and sociodemographic or clinical variables. Sociodemographic and clinical variables associated with anxiety or depression in univariate analyses (p < 0.25) were entered into a multivariate logistic regression analysis. A paired t test was used to compare HADS score, PHQ-9 score, and score on each dimension of the EORTC QLQ-C30 between baseline and 3 months after study enrollment for patients without anxiety or depression at baseline, patients with anxiety or depression at baseline who did not visit the psycho-oncology clinic, and patients with anxiety or depression at baseline who did visit the psycho-oncology clinic. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

RESULTS

Patient characteristics

Of the 129 patients screened between July 2012 and June 2014, 120 were included in the study. Nine patients were excluded because of cognitive impairment (n = 2), refusal to participate (n = 4), or inability to fill in the questionnaires (n = 3) (Fig. 1). Therefore, the response rate was 93.0% during the study period. Of the 120 patients included in the study, 100 patients completed the anxiety, depression, and QOL evaluations at baseline and at 3 months after study enrollment, and 20 had incomplete data at 3 months because they were lost to follow-up (n = 11) or died before the 3 months assessment (n = 9) (Fig. 1). The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the 120 patients included in the study are shown in Table 1. The median age of the patients was 63.0 years (range, 34 to 88). The majority of patients were male (76.7%), married (76.7%), unemployed (76.7%), and had good ECOG performance status (ECOG performance status ≤ 1, 86.7%). The primary sites of tumor were esophagus (4.2%), stomach (26.7%), colorectum (33.3%), and liver or pancreas or biliary tract (35.8%). Ninety patients (75.0%) knew they had advanced cancer that could only be treated with palliative therapy, and 30 patients (25.0%) did not know.

Figure 1.

Flow diagram showing patient selection. QOL, quality of life.

Table 1.

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics

Characteristic	No. of patients (n = 120)
Age, yr
≤ 65	69 (57.5)
> 65	51 (42.5)
Sex
Male	92 (76.7)
Female	28 (23.3)
ECOG performance status
0	13 (10.8)
1	91 (75.9)
2	16 (13.3)
Primary site of tumor
Esophagus	5 (4.2)
Stomach	32 (26.7)
Colorectum	40 (33.3)
Liver, pancreas, or bile duct	43 (35.8)
Marital status
Married	92 (76.7)
Not married	28 (23.3)
Education level
≤ Middle school	78 (65.0)
≥ High school	42 (35.0)
Employment status
Employed	28 (23.3)
Unemployed	92 (76.7)
Monthly income, won
≤ 1,000,000	74 (61.7)
> 1,000,000	46 (38.3)
Knowledge of advanced cancer
Yes	90 (75.0)
No	30 (25.0)

Values are presented as number (%).

ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

Prevalence of and factors associated with anxiety or depression

The HADS score at baseline was 2.60 ± 2.97 for the anxiety subscale and 5.49 ± 3.29 for the depression subscale, and the PHQ-9 score at baseline was 6.40 ± 4.60. Of the 120 patients, 11 (9.2%) had anxiety and 32 (26.7%) had depression according to the HADS, and 31 (25.8%) met the diagnostic criteria for major depressive episode according to the PHQ-9 (Table 2). Overall, 37 of the 120 patients (30.8%) were identified as having anxiety or depression according to HADS or PHQ-9. Of these 37 patients with anxiety or depression, 28 (75.7%) received a psychiatric assessment in the psycho-oncology clinic, and psychiatric diagnoses were made. The diagnoses were adjustment disorder (n = 11, 39.3%), major depressive disorder (n = 12, 42.8%), and depressive disorder not otherwise specified (n = 1, 3.6%). Four patients (14.3%) did not receive any psychiatric diagnosis.

Table 2.

The prevalence of anxiety and depression as determined by the HADS and the PHQ-9

Variable	No. of patients (n = 120)
HADS-A	11 (9.2)
HADS-D	32 (26.7)
PHQ-9	31 (25.8)
Any	37 (30.8)

Values are presented as number (%).

HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

In univariate analysis, the prevalence of anxiety or depression was significantly affected by age, ECOG performance status, and knowledge of advanced cancer (Table 3). The prevalence of anxiety or depression in patients aged ≤ 65 years was greater than that in patients aged > 65 years (39.1% vs. 19.6%, p = 0.037). The prevalence of anxiety or depression increased as ECOG performance status decreased (0%, 30.8%, and 56.3% in patients with ECOG performance status of 0, 1, and 2, respectively; p = 0.005). The prevalence of anxiety or depression was greater in patients who knew they had advanced cancer than in patients who did not know they had advanced cancer (40.0% vs. 3.3%, p < 0.001).

Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate analysis of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with anxiety or depression

Characteristic	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	Without anxiety or depression (n = 83)	With anxiety or depression (n = 37)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value
Age, yr					0.108
≤ 65 (n = 69)	42 (60.9)	27 (39.1)	0.037	2.78 (0.80–9.67)
> 65 (n = 51)	41 (80.4)	10 (19.6)
Sex			0.950
Male (n = 92)	63 (68.5)	29 (31.5)
Female (n = 28)	20 (71.4)	8 (28.6)
ECOG performance status			0.005		0.023
0 (n = 13)	13 (100.0)	0
1 (n = 91)	63 (69.2)	28 (30.8)
2 (n = 16)	7 (43.8)	9 (56.3)		4.19 (1.22–14.35)
Type of cancer			0.106		0.018
Esophagus (n = 5)	4 (80.0)	1 (20.0)
Stomach (n = 32)	17 (53.1)	15 (46.9)		5.39 (0.37–78.23)
Colorectum (n = 40)	28 (70.0)	12 (30.0)		3.63 (0.25–52.81)
Liver, pancreas, or bile duct (n = 43)	34 (79.1)	9 (20.9)		1.43 (0.10–20.95)
Marital status			0.596
Married (n = 92)	62 (67.4)	30 (32.6)
Not married (n = 28)	21 (75.0)	7 (25.0)
Education level			0.141		0.934
≤ Middle school (n = 78)	58 (74.4)	20 (25.6)
≥ High school (n = 42)	25 (59.5)	17 (40.5)		1.04 (0.38–2.89)
Employment status			0.319
Employed (n = 28)	22 (78.6)	6 (21.4)
Unemployed (n = 92)	61 (66.3)	31 (33.7)
Monthly income, won			0.079		0.067
≤ 1,000,000 (n = 74)	56 (75.7)	18 (24.3)
> 1,000,000 (n = 46)	27 (58.7)	19 (41.3)		2.67 (0.93–7.63)
Knowledge of advanced cancer			< 0.001		0.012
Yes (n = 90)	54 (60.0)	36 (40.0)		15.07 (1.80–125.90)
No (n = 30)	29 (96.7)	1 (3.3)

Values are presented as number (%).

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

Multivariate analysis revealed that lower performance status (odds ratio [OR], 4.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22 to 14.35; p = 0.023), gastric cancer (OR, 5.39; 95% CI, 0.37 to 78.23; p = 0.018), and knowledge of advanced cancer (OR, 15.07; 95% CI, 1.80 to 125.90; p = 0.012) were significantly associated with anxiety or depression (Table 3). Age, sex, marital status, education level, employment status, and monthly income were not significantly associated with anxiety or depression (Table 3).

Change in anxiety, depression, and QOL from baseline to 3 months

Of the 120 patients included in the study, 100 (83.3%) completed the assessment at 3 months after study enrollment. This corresponds to 71 of the 83 patients (85.6%) without anxiety or depression at baseline and 29 of the 37 patients (78.4%) with anxiety or depression at baseline. Of the 29 patients with anxiety or depression, 21 (72.4%) underwent a psychiatric assessment and a psychiatric intervention in the psycho-oncology clinic. The psychiatric interventions included psychotherapy (n = 7, 33.3%) and psychiatric medications (n = 14, 66.7%) such as antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, and sleeping pills.

In the 71 patients without anxiety or depression at baseline, HADS anxiety score (p = 0.606) and PHQ-9 score (p = 0.217) did not change between baseline and 3 months, but there was a significant increment in HADS depression score (p = 0.009) (Table 4, Fig. 2A). In the eight patients with anxiety or depression who did not visit the psycho-oncologic clinic, there was no change in anxiety or depression from baseline to 3 months (Table 4, Fig. 2B). However, in the 21 patients with anxiety or depression who did visit the psycho-oncologic clinic, there was a significant decrement in PHQ-9 score (p = 0.008) (Table 4, Fig. 2C), indicating an improvement in depressive symptoms, and an improvement in global health status (p = 0.023), fatigue (p = 0.047), and appetite loss (p = 0.006) at 3 months after study enrollment (Table 4).

Table 4.

Anxiety, depression, and quality of life scores at baseline and 3 months after enrollment (n = 100)

Variable			Patients without anxiety or depression at baseline (n = 71)			Patients with anxiety or depression at baseline who did not visit the psycho-oncology clinic (n = 8)			Patients with anxiety or depression at baseline who did visit psycho-oncology clinic (n = 21)
			Baseline	3 Months	p value	Baseline	3 Months	p value	Baseline	3 Months	p value
Anxiety or depression
	HADS-A		1.30 ± 1.38	1.46 ± 2.38	0.606	4.25 ± 3.06	4.25 ± 4.80	1.000	5.76 ± 3.55	4.38 ± 4.23	0.258
	HADS-D		3.79 ± 1.73	5.15 ± 3.99	0.009	9.13 ± 0.84	8.75 ± 5.70	0.857	8.63 ± 2.01	7.14 ± 5.15	0.228
	PHQ-9		4.28 ± 2.50	5.04 ± 4.52	0.217	9.00 ± 2.73	8.75 ± 6.76	0.924	11.33 ± 4.61	7.24 ± 4.95	0.008
EORTC QLQ-C30
	Global health status		58.92 ± 17.16	60.21 ± 24.04	0.713	57.29 ± 21.10	46.88 ± 22.25	0.353	41.67 ± 18.63	56.35 ± 21.56	0.023
	Function scales
		Physical	83.47 ± 14.42	81.78 ± 23.23	0.603	83.33 ± 16.33	69.17 ± 28.05	0.237	73.97 ± 14.28	75.24 ± 21.10	0.821
		Role	85.92 ± 19.24	80.75 ± 28.96	0.213	85.42 ± 13.91	66.67 ± 33.33	0.164	71.43 ± 24.23	75.40 ± 27.70	0.624
		Emotional	83.10 ± 13.58	86.50 ± 16.51	0.182	75.00 ± 19.42	69.79 ± 24.37	0.644	58.73 ± 22.44	71.03 ± 24.67	0.099
		Cognitive	93.90 ± 10.25	95.54 ± 7.95	0.288	89.58 ± 17.68	89.58 ± 15.27	1.000	83.33 ± 17.48	86.51 ± 16.35	0.547
		Social	84.27 ± 20.10	78.87 ± 28.31	0.192	83.33 ± 17.82	68.75 ± 30.13	0.258	65.08 ± 25.77	72.22 ± 24.91	0.367
	Symptom scales
		Fatigue	25.35 ± 18.42	25.19 ± 23.30	0.965	37.50 ± 27.82	47.22 ± 41.47	0.591	43.92 ± 23.17	30.16 ± 20.23	0.047
		Nausea/vomiting	3.52 ± 8.87	5.16 ± 13.68	0.397	4.17 ± 11.78	12.50 ± 11.79	0.179	14.29 ± 23.74	4.76 ± 9.34	0.095
		Pain	16.20 ± 18.47	17.84 ± 25.87	0.664	10.42 ± 8.63	25.00 ± 29.55	0.202	32.54 ± 27.12	20.64 ± 23.51	0.136
		Dyspnea	8.92 ± 16.86	8.45 ± 14.60	0.859	4.17 ± 11.78	12.50 ± 17.25	0.278	19.05 ± 19.92	11.11 ± 19.25	0.197
		Insomnia	20.66 ± 33.03	14.08 ± 26.82	0.195	8.33 ± 23.57	33.33 ± 30.86	0.090	41.27 ± 40.70	34.92 ± 32.45	0.579
		Appetite loss	25.35 ± 32.10	24.41 ± 31.85	0.861	33.33 ± 39.84	37.50 ± 45.21	0.848	41.27 ± 25.62	17.46 ± 27.12	0.006
		Constipation	21.60 ± 30.39	20.19 ± 31.61	0.787	8.33 ± 15.43	29.17 ± 33.04	0.128	15.87 ± 24.99	19.05 ± 35.86	0.741
		Diarrhea	7.51 ± 17.99	7.04 ± 17.74	0.876	8.33 ± 23.57	4.17 ± 11.78	0.662	11.11 ± 21.94	14.28 ± 19.92	0.626
		Financial difficulties	17.37 ± 25.11	22.53 ± 23.08	0.204	12.50 ± 17.25	20.83 ± 24.80	0.448	39.68 ± 35.93	31.74 ± 26.83	0.422

Values are presented as mean ± SD.

HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; EORTC QLQ-C30, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30.

Figure 2.

Anxiety and depression at baseline and 3 months after enrollment. (A) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A) score, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression (HADS-D) score, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score in patients without anxiety or depression at baseline, (B) patients with anxiety or depression at baseline who did not visit the psycho-oncology clinic, and (C) patients with anxiety or depression at baseline who did visit the psycho-oncology clinic. Gray bars indicate score at baseline and black bars indicate score at 3 months after enrollment. ap & 0.05.

DISCUSSION

The prevalence of psychological distress in cancer patients varies with the type and stage of cancer, as well as with patient age, gender, and race [7-13]. In a study of 4,496 patients with cancer, the overall prevalence of psychological distress was 35.1% [12], and other studies have found that 20% to 47% of patients who are newly diagnosed or have recurrent cancer show a significant level of distress [13]. In Korea, the prevalence of anxiety or depression in cancer patients was 28.8% to 56.5% when all stages and cancer types were considered [7,8]. However, there are few studies that have focused on anxiety and depression in patients with gastrointestinal cancer [14- 16], and no previous study has reported psychological distress in Korean patients with gastrointestinal cancer, despite the incidence of gastrointestinal cancer being relatively high compared with other cancers in Korea [17]. One early study reported that the prevalence of anxiety and depression in newly diagnosed gastrointestinal cancer patients was 17% and 21%, respectively, and patients with metastatic cancer were more anxious and depressed than patients without metastatic cancer [14]. Another study reported that the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with gastrointestinal cancer was 47.2% and 57%, respectively, and the mean HADS score was 7.6 for the anxiety subscale and 8.4 for the depression subscale [16]. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of and the factors associated with anxiety or depression in Korean patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer. We found that approximately 30% of patients had anxiety or depression—a statistic consistent with previous studies. Of the 120 study participants, 12 (10.0%) were classified as having major depressive disorder after assessment by a psychiatrist. This is much higher than has been reported in the general population of South Korea (1.7% to 2.3%) [23] and in cancer patients (5% to 6%) [24].

It is important to study predictors of anxiety and/or depression so that clinicians can identify patients that may be more likely to develop these disorders in order to appropriately manage them, allowing for more effective palliation and increased QOL. Previous studies have identified young age, female gender, poor performance status, and certain primary cancer types as predictors of anxiety and depression [7,8,10-12]. In the present study, poor performance status, gastric cancer, and knowledge of advanced cancer were significantly associated with anxiety or depression in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Performance status had a predictive effect on anxiety or depression, advanced cancer patients with a low performance status are more likely to be depressed or show symptoms of anxiety than those with a high performance status. This finding is in agreement with the findings of other studies [7,8,10]. Furthermore, psychological distress may also be affected by primary cancer type [10-12]. Patients with gastric cancer are more vulnerable to psychological distress in connection with the diagnosis than patients with colorectal cancer [14], and Brintzenhofe-Szoc et al. [25] found higher rates of anxiety/depression symptoms in patients with stomach, pancreas, head and neck, or lung cancer. Furthermore, a recent study reported that 31% of Chinese patients with gastric cancer had depression, and depression was associated with poor survival among gastric cancer patients [26]. Patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer commonly experience eating problems caused by dysphagia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, and these problems result in emotional distress. In our study population, knowledge of advanced cancer that could only be treated by palliative therapy affected psychological distress, and patients who knew they had advanced cancer were 15.07 times more likely to be anxious or depressed than those who did not know of their advanced cancer. Tavoli et al. [16] also reported that patients who knew of their cancer diagnosis had a significantly higher risk of anxiety or depression. Interpretation of a cancer diagnosis as equivalent to death in Middle East and Asian countries may result in emotional distress and concern. For this reason, the patient’s family may request that physicians not inform the patient of the diagnosis [9]. However, evidence suggests that sensible disclosure of diagnosis and prognosis is important, and satisfaction with information-giving is associated with a better QOL [27].

There is accumulating evidence of an association between psychological distress and poor outcomes in patients with cancer [4-6]; therefore, treating psychological distress might represent another option for cancer treatment. However, the referral rate from oncologists to psychiatrists is only 4% to 10% for cancer patients [28,29]. In a study of anxiety and depression disorders in Canadian cancer patients, Wilson et al. [30] found that 60% of patients with a psychological disorder were not receiving any kind of treatment or counseling. In the current study, we found that patients with anxiety or depression who visited the psycho-oncologic clinic showed an improvement in depression as assessed by PHQ-9 score and in the global health and fatigue dimensions of QOL. Although survival might be considered the ultimate end point in oncology, anxiety or depression is a disabling illness that is associated with poor QOL and therefore warrants intervention, regardless of the potential impact on survival. We suggest that all cancer patients should be screened periodically for psychological symptoms as part of standard cancer care, and patients with psychological problems should be referred to psycho-oncologic clinic for appropriate care.

The present study has several limitations. First, we intended to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with anxiety or depression in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer, and the study was not powered to detect the effect of anxiety or depression on survival or any survival benefit resulting from an alleviation of psychological distress. Second, we provided a psychiatric assessment only for patients who were classified as having anxiety or depression according to the HADS or PHQ-9. These instruments are widely used and are a valid measurement of psychological distress in cancer patients. However, we do not have psychiatric diagnoses for those patients who were not identified as having anxiety or depression by the HADS or PHQ-9. Third, the knowledge of advanced cancer at 3 months in patients who did not know they had advanced cancer at baseline may have affected the prevalence of anxiety or depression at 3 months. The prevalence of anxiety or depression at 3 months (four of the 27 patients [13.3%]) was increased compared with baseline (one of the 30 patients [3.3%]) in patients who did not know they had advanced cancer at baseline. However, this cannot be accurately assessed because we did not investigate the knowledge of advanced cancer at 3 months. Lastly, the number of patients recruited to the study was small, meaning there was insufficient statistical power for detailed subgroup analyses, and all patients were from a single institution, making it difficult to generalize our results.

The results of the present study suggest that the prevalence of anxiety or depression in Korean patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer is approximately 30%. Physicians should pay attention to the psychological status of patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancer, particularly those with poor performance status, gastric cancer, or knowledge they had advanced cancer. Furthermore, psychiatric interventions were associated with improvements in depression and QOL in patients with anxiety or depression, suggesting that psychiatric treatment might represent another treatment option for patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer.

1. In this prospective observational study, approximately 30% of Korean patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer receiving palliative chemotherapy had anxiety or depression.

2. The risk of anxiety or depression in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer was significantly associated with poor performance status, gastric cancer, and knowledge of advanced cancer that could only be treated with palliative therapy.

3. Psychiatric interventions were effective at reducing depression and improving quality of life in patients with anxiety or depression.