Danuta M Skowronski1,2, Catharine Chambers1, Gaston De Serres3,4,5, Suzana Sabaiduc6, Anne-Luise Winter7, James A Dickinson8, Jonathan B Gubbay9,10, Kevin Fonseca11,12, Steven J Drews13,14, Hugues Charest15,16, Christine Martineau15, Mel Krajden6,17, Martin Petric17, Nathalie Bastien18, Yan Li18, Derek J Smith19. 1. Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver. 2. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 3. Direction of Biological and Occupational Risks, Institut national de santé publique du Québec. 4. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Québec. 5. Infection and Immunity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre. 6. British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver. 7. Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response, Public Health Ontario, Toronto. 8. Departments of Family Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary. 9. Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto. 10. Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Paediatrics, University of Toronto. 11. Diagnostic Virology, Alberta Provincial Laboratory, Calgary. 12. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary. 13. Diagnostic Virology, Alberta Provincial Laboratory, Edmonton. 14. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton. 15. Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec. 16. Département de microbiologie, d'infectiologie et d'immunologie, l'Université de Montréal. 17. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 18. Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; and. 19. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, England.
Abstract
Background: The antigenic distance hypothesis (ADH) predicts that negative interference from prior season's influenza vaccine (v1) on the current season's vaccine (v2) protection may occur when the antigenic distance is small between v1 and v2 (v1 ≈ v2) but large between v1 and the current epidemic (e) strain (v1 ≠ e). Methods: Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H3N2) illness was estimated by test-negative design during 3 A(H3N2) epidemics (2010-2011, 2012-2013, 2014-2015) in Canada. Vaccine effectiveness was derived with covariate adjustment across v2 and/or v1 categories relative to no vaccine receipt among outpatients aged ≥9 years. Prior vaccination effects were interpreted within the ADH framework. Results: Prior vaccination effects varied significantly by season, consistent with the ADH. There was no interference by v1 in 2010-2011 when v1 ≠ v2 and v1 ≠ e, with comparable VE for v2 alone or v2 + v1: 34% (95% confidence interval [CI] = -51% to 71%) versus 34% (95% CI = -5% to 58%). Negative interference by v1 was suggested in 2012-2013 with nonsignificant reduction in VE when v1 ≈ v2 and v1 ≠ e: 49% (95% CI = -47% to 83%) versus 28% (95% CI = -12% to 54%). Negative effects of prior vaccination were pronounced and statistically significant in 2014-2015 when v1 ≡ v2 and v1 ≠ e: 65% (95% CI = 25% to 83%) versus -33% (95% CI = -78% to 1%). Conclusions: Effects of repeat influenza vaccination were consistent with the ADH and may have contributed to findings of low VE across recent A(H3N2) epidemics since 2010 in Canada.
Background: The antigenic distance hypothesis (ADH) predicts that negative interference from prior season's influenza vaccine (v1) on the current season's vaccine (v2) protection may occur when the antigenic distance is small between v1 and v2 (v1 ≈ v2) but large between v1 and the current epidemic (e) strain (v1 ≠ e). Methods: Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H3N2) illness was estimated by test-negative design during 3 A(H3N2) epidemics (2010-2011, 2012-2013, 2014-2015) in Canada. Vaccine effectiveness was derived with covariate adjustment across v2 and/or v1 categories relative to no vaccine receipt among outpatients aged ≥9 years. Prior vaccination effects were interpreted within the ADH framework. Results: Prior vaccination effects varied significantly by season, consistent with the ADH. There was no interference by v1 in 2010-2011 when v1 ≠ v2 and v1 ≠ e, with comparable VE for v2 alone or v2 + v1: 34% (95% confidence interval [CI] = -51% to 71%) versus 34% (95% CI = -5% to 58%). Negative interference by v1 was suggested in 2012-2013 with nonsignificant reduction in VE when v1 ≈ v2 and v1 ≠ e: 49% (95% CI = -47% to 83%) versus 28% (95% CI = -12% to 54%). Negative effects of prior vaccination were pronounced and statistically significant in 2014-2015 when v1 ≡ v2 and v1 ≠ e: 65% (95% CI = 25% to 83%) versus -33% (95% CI = -78% to 1%). Conclusions: Effects of repeat influenza vaccination were consistent with the ADH and may have contributed to findings of low VE across recent A(H3N2) epidemics since 2010 in Canada.
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