The next 10 years: Challenges for the future and overcoming resistance to targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma.

The introduction of targeted therapies over the past 10 years revolutionized the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). The next 10 years hold promise for even greater expansion of the therapeutic armamentarium for mRCC. A number of recently completed and ongoing trials have explored the use of antivascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors in the adjuvant setting, the use of predictive biomarkers to guide personalized medicine, as well as new systemic treatments and combination therapies for mRCC.