Marit V Forslund1, Cecilie Roe1,2, Paul B Perrin3, Solrun Sigurdardottir4,5, Juan Lu6, Svein Berntsen7, Nada Andelic1,4. 1. a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway. 2. b Faculty of Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway. 3. c Department of Psychology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA. 4. d CHARM (Research Centre for Habilitation and Rehabilitation Models and Services), Faculty of Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway. 5. e Department of Research , Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital , Nesoddtangen , Norway. 6. f Department of Epidemiology and Community Health , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA. 7. g Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Sørlandet Hospital , Kristiansand , Norway.
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: To assess longitudinal trajectories of overall disability after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to examine whether those trajectories could be predicted by socio-demographic and injury characteristics. METHODS: Demographics and injury characteristics of 105 individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI were extracted from medical records. At the 1-, 2-, and 5-year follow-ups, TBI-related disability was assessed by the GOSE. A hierarchical linear model (HLM) was used to examine functional outcomes up to 5 years following injury and whether those outcomes could be predicted by: time, gender, age, relationship, education, employment pre-injury, occupation, GCS, cause of injury, length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), CT findings and injury severity score, as well as the interactions between each of these predictors and time. RESULTS: Higher GOSE trajectories (lower disability) were predicted by younger age at injury and shorter PTA, as well as by the interaction terms of time*PTA and time*employment. Those who had been employed at injury decreased in disability over time, while those who had been unemployed increased in disability. CONCLUSION: The study results support the view that individual factors generally outweigh injury-related factors as predictors of disability after TBI, except for PTA.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: To assess longitudinal trajectories of overall disability after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to examine whether those trajectories could be predicted by socio-demographic and injury characteristics. METHODS: Demographics and injury characteristics of 105 individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI were extracted from medical records. At the 1-, 2-, and 5-year follow-ups, TBI-related disability was assessed by the GOSE. A hierarchical linear model (HLM) was used to examine functional outcomes up to 5 years following injury and whether those outcomes could be predicted by: time, gender, age, relationship, education, employment pre-injury, occupation, GCS, cause of injury, length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), CT findings and injury severity score, as well as the interactions between each of these predictors and time. RESULTS: Higher GOSE trajectories (lower disability) were predicted by younger age at injury and shorter PTA, as well as by the interaction terms of time*PTA and time*employment. Those who had been employed at injury decreased in disability over time, while those who had been unemployed increased in disability. CONCLUSION: The study results support the view that individual factors generally outweigh injury-related factors as predictors of disability after TBI, except for PTA.
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