Steve C N Hui1, Jacky K L Ko1, Teng Zhang1, Lin Shi2,3, David K W Yeung1, Defeng Wang1,4, Queenie Chan5, Winnie C W Chu1. 1. Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR. 2. Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR. 3. Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR. 4. Research Center for Medical Image Computing, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR. 5. Philips Healthcare, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To develop a technique for the separation and quantification of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) using fat fraction and T2* intensity based on the Gaussian mixture model (GMM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chemical-shift water-fat and T2* images were acquired at the neck, supraclavicular, interscapular, and paravertebral regions in 24 volunteers (Obese: n = 12, female/male = 6/6, body mass index [BMI] = 31.3 ± 2.3 kg/m2 , age = 16.1 ± 0.6; Normal weight: n = 12, female/male = 6/6, BMI = 21.2 ± 2.4 kg/m2 , age = 12.9 ± 2.4) using a 3T scanner with the chemical-shift water-fat mDixon sequence. BAT and WAT were clustered based on the Gaussian mixture model using the expectation-maximization algorithm. Results and reproducibility were compared and assessed using independent t-tests and intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: BAT in obese participants was predominately found at the supraclavicular region and in normal-weight participants it was more scattered and distributed in interscapular-supraclavicular, axillary, and spine regions. Absolute volume of BAT was higher in the obese group (Obese: 315.2 mL [±89.1], Normal weight: 248.5 mL [±86.4]), but BAT/WAT ratios were significantly higher (P = 0.029) in the normal group. T2* of BAT (P = 0.04) and volume of WAT (P < 0.001) were significantly lower in the normals. Within-group comparison between male and female indicated no significant differences were found in volume (P = 0.776 (normal), 0.501 [obese]), T2* (P = 0.908 [normal], 0.249 [obese]) and fat-fraction of BAT (P = 0.985 [normal], 0.108 [obese]). The intraclass correlation coefficient showed a good reproducibility in volume (BAT: 0.997, WAT: 0.948), T2* (BAT: 0.969, WAT: 0.983), and fat-fraction (BAT: 0.952, WAT: 0.517). CONCLUSION: BAT identified by this method was in agreement with other studies in terms of location, fat-fraction value, and T2* intensity. The proposed GMM-based segmentation could be a useful nonradiation imaging method for assessment of adipose tissue, in particular for serial follow-up of volume changes after drug or lifestyle interventions for obesity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:758-768.
PURPOSE: To develop a technique for the separation and quantification of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) using fat fraction and T2* intensity based on the Gaussian mixture model (GMM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chemical-shift water-fat and T2* images were acquired at the neck, supraclavicular, interscapular, and paravertebral regions in 24 volunteers (Obese: n = 12, female/male = 6/6, body mass index [BMI] = 31.3 ± 2.3 kg/m2 , age = 16.1 ± 0.6; Normal weight: n = 12, female/male = 6/6, BMI = 21.2 ± 2.4 kg/m2 , age = 12.9 ± 2.4) using a 3T scanner with the chemical-shift water-fat mDixon sequence. BAT and WAT were clustered based on the Gaussian mixture model using the expectation-maximization algorithm. Results and reproducibility were compared and assessed using independent t-tests and intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: BAT in obeseparticipants was predominately found at the supraclavicular region and in normal-weight participants it was more scattered and distributed in interscapular-supraclavicular, axillary, and spine regions. Absolute volume of BAT was higher in the obese group (Obese: 315.2 mL [±89.1], Normal weight: 248.5 mL [±86.4]), but BAT/WAT ratios were significantly higher (P = 0.029) in the normal group. T2* of BAT (P = 0.04) and volume of WAT (P < 0.001) were significantly lower in the normals. Within-group comparison between male and female indicated no significant differences were found in volume (P = 0.776 (normal), 0.501 [obese]), T2* (P = 0.908 [normal], 0.249 [obese]) and fat-fraction of BAT (P = 0.985 [normal], 0.108 [obese]). The intraclass correlation coefficient showed a good reproducibility in volume (BAT: 0.997, WAT: 0.948), T2* (BAT: 0.969, WAT: 0.983), and fat-fraction (BAT: 0.952, WAT: 0.517). CONCLUSION: BAT identified by this method was in agreement with other studies in terms of location, fat-fraction value, and T2* intensity. The proposed GMM-based segmentation could be a useful nonradiation imaging method for assessment of adipose tissue, in particular for serial follow-up of volume changes after drug or lifestyle interventions for obesity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:758-768.
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