Committee Report: Glycemic targets for elderly patients with diabetes: Japan Diabetes Society (JDS)/Japan Geriatrics Society (JGS) Joint Committee on Improving Care for Elderly Patients with Diabetes.

With the accelerated aging of society, the number of elderly patients with diabetes continues to rise in Japan1. The elderly have specific health problems that vary widely among individuals. In particular, susceptibility to severe hypoglycemia is a hallmark of elderly diabetes2, 3. Severe hypoglycemia not only impairs cognitive function4 but can also increase the risk of cardiovascular events5. Against this background, the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS)/Japan Geriatrics Society (JGS) Joint Committee on Improving Care for Elderly Patients with Diabetes was launched in April 2015. As a first step toward developing ‘Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Elderly Patients with Diabetes’, the Joint Committee launched an in‐depth debate on glycemic targets for elderly diabetes.

Over a series of discussions, the Joint Committee drew on the available reports on glycemic targets for the elderly, which included the Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial (J‐EDIT) study6, the American Diabetes Association (ADA)/American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Consensus report7, International Diabetes Federation (IDF)'s Global Guideline8, and other relevant reports in the pertinent literature, and developed the ‘Glycemic Targets for Elderly Patients with Diabetes’ described in Figure 1 shown below.

The Joint Committee's consensus is summarized as follows:

The glycemic target is to be determined for each elderly patient by taking into account the patient's background characteristics and health status (e.g., age, cognitive function, physical function [basic and instrumental activities of daily living {ADL}]), comorbidities, risk for severe hypoglycemia, and life expectancy;

The lower limit of the glycemic target is to be targeted to ensure safer glycemic control in those likely to be at risk of severe hypoglycemia; and

The Joint Committee's recommendations allow the glycemic targets to be adjusted to exceed or fall below the glycemic targets suggested in the Table to ensure patient‐centered care while providing the glycemic targets and their lower limits as a basis for glycemic control in elderly patients with diabetes.

Glycemic Targets (HbA1c values) for Elderly Patients with Diabetes. ADL, activities of daily living. The glycemic target is to be determined for each patient by taking into account his/her age, duration of diabetes, risk for hypoglycemia, and any support available to the patient, as well as the patient's cognitive function, basic/instrumental ADL, and comorbidities/functional impairments, if elderly, while noting the potential risk of hypoglycemia that increases with age in each patient. Notes: Important precautions Be sure to refer to the ‘Guidelines for Medical Treatment and its Safety in the Elderly’ compiled by the JGS for use of antidiabetic agents in the elderly11, 12. Every effort should also be made to avoid multi‐drug combination therapy in the elderly and to closely monitor these patients for any adverse reaction to drug therapy.

Refer to the Japan Geriatrics Society website9, 10 for the evaluation of the cognitive function, basic ADL (e.g., self‐care abilities such as dressing, transferring, bathing, and toileting), and instrumental ADL (e.g., abilities to maintain an independent household such as shopping, meal preparation, taking medication, and handling finances,). In end‐of‐life care, priority is to be given to preventing significant hyperglycemia and subsequent dehydration and acute complications through appropriate therapeutic measures.

As in other age groups, the glycemic target is set at <7.0% in the elderly for preventing diabetic complications. However, this could be set at <6.0% for those thought likely to achieve glycemic control through diet and exercise therapy alone or those likely to achieve glycemic control with drug therapy without adverse reactions, or 8.0% for those in whom intensifying therapy may prove difficult. In either case, no lower limit is specified for the glycemic target. A glycemic target of <8.5% may be allowed in patients thought to be in category III and therefore at risk of developing adverse reactions to multi‐drug combination therapy or in those with serious comorbidities or poor social support.

In patients in whom priority should be given to preventing the onset/progression of diabetic complications due to their duration of disease, the glycemic target or its lower limit may be set for each elderly patient with appropriate measures in place to prevent severe hypoglycemia. Current treatments are to be continued in those less than 65 years of age despite their HbA1c values falling below their glycemic target or lower limit while on therapy, but care needs to be taken to monitor these patients for potential severe hypoglycemia. Glinides may be classified as drugs unlikely to be associated with severe hypoglycemia, as the onset of severe hypoglycemia varies depending on the type and amount of glinide used in a particular patient relative to the patient's glucose level.

Disclosure

Masakazu Haneda has received speaker honoraria from pharmaceutical companies Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Astellas Pharma Inc., research fundings from Astellas Pharma Inc., Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and MSD Co. Ltd., Nobuya Inagaki has received speaker honoraria from pharmaceutical companies Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Sanofi Co. Ltd., Merck Sharp & Dohme, Astellas Pharma Inc., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., research fundings from Merck Sharp & Dohme,, and Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, donations from Astellas Pharma Inc., Daiichi‐Sankyo Co. Ltd., Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Merck Sharp & Dohme, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Japan Tabacco Inc., Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Dainippon Sumitomo Parma Co. Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., Sanofi Co. Ltd., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hirotaka Watada has received speaker honoraria from pharmaceutical companies Astellas Pharma Inc., AstraZeneca, Kowa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Sanofi Co. Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Novartis Pharma Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, MSD Co. Ltd., and Dainippon Sumitomo Parma Co. Ltd., research fundings from Novartis Pharma Co. Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan Co. Ltd., and Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., donations from MSD Co. Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., AstraZeneca, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd., Sanofi Co. Ltd., Daiichi‐Sankyo Co. Ltd., Dainippon Sumitomo Parma Co. Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Pfizer, and Mochida Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and endowed department by Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and MSD Co. Ltd., Ryo Suzuki has received subsidies from Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., and Sanofi Co. Ltd., Hideki Ito has no conflict of interest, Atsushi Araki has received speaker honoraria from pharmaceutical companies Merck Sharp & Dohme, Dainippon Sumitomo Parma Co. Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd., AstraZeneca, Astellas Pharma Inc., Eli Lilly Japan Co. Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, donation from Daiichi‐Sankyo Co. Ltd., Takashi Sakurai has received donation from Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Koutaro Yokote has received speaker honoraria from pharmaceutical companies Astellas Pharma Inc., AstraZeneca, Daiichi‐Sankyo Co. Ltd., Dainippon Sumitomo Parma Co. Ltd., Eizai Co. Ltd., Kowa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., MSD Co. Ltd., Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., Sanofi Co. Ltd., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd., Shionogi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation,, research funding from Astellas Pharma Inc., donations from Astellas Pharma Inc., Brystol‐Meyers Co. Ltd., Daiichi‐Sankyo Co. Ltd., Dainippon Sumitomo Parma Co. Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan Co. Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., MSD Co. Ltd., Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., Shionogi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, Teijin Pharma Ltd., and Toyama Chemical Co. Ltd., endowed department by MSD Co. Ltd.