Paula Trujillo1,2, Paul E Summers1, Emanuele Ferrari3, Fabio A Zucca3, Michela Sturini4, Luca T Mainardi2, Sergio Cerutti2, Alex K Smith5,6, Seth A Smith5,6,7, Luigi Zecca3, Antonella Costa1. 1. Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. 2. Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy. 3. Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Italy. 4. Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. 5. Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 6. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 7. Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the physical mechanisms associated with the contrast observed in neuromelanin MRI. METHODS: Phantoms having different concentrations of synthetic melanins with different degrees of iron loading were examined on a 3 Tesla scanner using relaxometry and quantitative magnetization transfer (MT). RESULTS: Concentration-dependent T1 and T2 shortening was most pronounced for the melanin pigment when combined with iron. Metal-free melanin had a negligible effect on the magnetization transfer spectra. On the contrary, the presence of iron-laden melanins resulted in a decreased magnetization transfer ratio. The presence of melanin or iron (or both) did not have a significant effect on the macromolecular content, represented by the pool size ratio. CONCLUSION: The primary mechanism underlying contrast in neuromelanin-MRI appears to be the T1 reduction associated with melanin-iron complexes. The macromolecular content is not significantly influenced by the presence of melanin with or without iron, and thus the MT is not directly affected. However, as T1 plays a role in determining the MT-weighted signal, the magnetization transfer ratio is reduced in the presence of melanin-iron complexes. Magn Reson Med 78:1790-1800, 2017.
PURPOSE: To investigate the physical mechanisms associated with the contrast observed in neuromelanin MRI. METHODS: Phantoms having different concentrations of synthetic melanins with different degrees of iron loading were examined on a 3 Tesla scanner using relaxometry and quantitative magnetization transfer (MT). RESULTS: Concentration-dependent T1 and T2 shortening was most pronounced for the melanin pigment when combined with iron. Metal-free melanin had a negligible effect on the magnetization transfer spectra. On the contrary, the presence of iron-laden melanins resulted in a decreased magnetization transfer ratio. The presence of melanin or iron (or both) did not have a significant effect on the macromolecular content, represented by the pool size ratio. CONCLUSION: The primary mechanism underlying contrast in neuromelanin-MRI appears to be the T1 reduction associated with melanin-iron complexes. The macromolecular content is not significantly influenced by the presence of melanin with or without iron, and thus the MT is not directly affected. However, as T1 plays a role in determining the MT-weighted signal, the magnetization transfer ratio is reduced in the presence of melanin-iron complexes. Magn Reson Med 78:1790-1800, 2017.
Authors: Paula Trujillo; Paul E Summers; Alex K Smith; Seth A Smith; Luca T Mainardi; Sergio Cerutti; Daniel O Claassen; Antonella Costa Journal: Neuroradiology Date: 2017-10-06 Impact factor: 2.804