Analytical Methodologies for the Assessment of Phthalate Exposure in Humans.

Screening and quantification of phthalate metabolites in biological matrices provide information on the phthalate exposure. The preferred tool for the determination of phthalate metabolites is liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, typically preceded by a sample extraction step. Method development for the determination of phthalate metabolites by hyphenated techniques faces challenges due to the widespread occurrence of phthalates in the laboratory and sample collection materials that impairs their accurate quantification. Here, the analytical methods that have been developed for the determination of biomarkers of phthalates in various matrices are presented, and limitations and challenges in these applications are discussed.