Meghan B Brennan1, Timothy M Hess2, Brian Bartle3, Jennifer M Cooper4, Jonathan Kang5, Elbert S Huang6, Maureen Smith7, Min-Woong Sohn8, Christopher Crnich2. 1. University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705; Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Hospital, 5000 S 5(th) Ave, Hines, IL 60141. Electronic address: mbbrennan@medicine.wisc.edu. 2. University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705. 3. Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Hospital, 5000 S 5(th) Ave, Hines, IL 60141. 4. University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637. 5. William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705. 6. Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Hospital, 5000 S 5(th) Ave, Hines, IL 60141; University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637. 7. University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705. 8. Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Hospital, 5000 S 5(th) Ave, Hines, IL 60141; University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1215 Lee St, Charlottesville, VA 22908.
Abstract
AIM: Diabetic foot ulcers are associated with an increased risk of death. We evaluated whether ulcer severity at presentation predicts mortality. METHODS: Patients from a national, retrospective, cohort of veterans with type 2 diabetes who developed incident diabetic foot ulcers between January 1, 2006 and September 1, 2010, were followed until death or the end of the study period, January 1, 2012. Ulcers were characterized as early stage, osteomyelitis, or gangrene at presentation. Cox proportional hazard regression identified independent predictors of death, controlling for comorbidities, laboratory parameters, and healthcare utilization. RESULTS: 66,323 veterans were included in the cohort and followed for a mean of 27.7months: 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 80.80%, 69.01% and 28.64%, respectively. Compared to early stage ulcers, gangrene was associated with an increased risk of mortality (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.57-1.83, p<0.001). The magnitude of this effect was greater than diagnosed vascular disease, i.e., coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, or stroke. CONCLUSION: Initial diabetic foot ulcer severity is a more significant predictor of subsequent mortality than coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, or stroke. Unrecognized or under-estimated vascular disease and/or sepsis secondary to gangrene should be explored as possible causal explanations.
AIM: Diabetic foot ulcers are associated with an increased risk of death. We evaluated whether ulcer severity at presentation predicts mortality. METHODS:Patients from a national, retrospective, cohort of veterans with type 2 diabetes who developed incident diabetic foot ulcers between January 1, 2006 and September 1, 2010, were followed until death or the end of the study period, January 1, 2012. Ulcers were characterized as early stage, osteomyelitis, or gangrene at presentation. Cox proportional hazard regression identified independent predictors of death, controlling for comorbidities, laboratory parameters, and healthcare utilization. RESULTS: 66,323 veterans were included in the cohort and followed for a mean of 27.7months: 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 80.80%, 69.01% and 28.64%, respectively. Compared to early stage ulcers, gangrene was associated with an increased risk of mortality (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.57-1.83, p<0.001). The magnitude of this effect was greater than diagnosed vascular disease, i.e., coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, or stroke. CONCLUSION: Initial diabetic foot ulcer severity is a more significant predictor of subsequent mortality than coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, or stroke. Unrecognized or under-estimated vascular disease and/or sepsis secondary to gangrene should be explored as possible causal explanations.
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