Ishita Ghosh1, Richard Muwonge2, Srabani Mittal1, Dipanwita Banerjee1, Pratip Kundu1, Ranajit Mandal1, Jaydip Biswas1, Partha Basu3. 1. Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. 2. Screening Group, Early Detection and Prevention Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 3. Screening Group, Early Detection and Prevention Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. Electronic address: BasuP@iarc.fr.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause of cervical cancer. Cervico-vaginal infection with pathogens like Chlamydia is a likely cofactor. The interactions between HPV, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and Candida spp. are less understood, though inflammation induced by these pathogens has been demonstrated to facilitate oncogenesis. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to evaluate the association between Candida spp. and TV co-infection with HPV in cervical oncogenesis. STUDY DESIGN: Women with normal cervix who were high-risk HPV-negative (N=104) and HPV-positive (N=105); women with CIN 1 (N=106) and CIN 2/CIN 3 (N=62) were recruited from a community based cervical cancer screening program. Cervical cancer patients (N=106) were recruited from a tertiary care oncology clinic. High-risk HPV was detected by Hybrid Capture II technique; Candida spp. and TV were detected by culturing the high vaginal swabs followed by microscopic examination in all. The disease status was established by histopathology in all the women. RESULT: HPV-positive women had significantly higher risk of having precursor lesions (of any grade) and cancer compared to HPV-negative women. Candida spp. or TV infection did not alter the risk of low grade or high grade lesions among HPV- positive women. HPV positive women co-infected with TV had higher risk of cervical cancer but not those co-infected with Candida spp. CONCLUSION: The higher risk of cancer observed in the women co-infected with HPV and TV without any enhanced risk of CIN 3 suggests secondary infection of the malignant growth by TV rather than any causal role. Co-infection with Candida spp. and/or TV infection did not increase the carcinogenic effect of HPV on cervix.
BACKGROUND:Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause of cervical cancer. Cervico-vaginal infection with pathogens like Chlamydia is a likely cofactor. The interactions between HPV, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and Candida spp. are less understood, though inflammation induced by these pathogens has been demonstrated to facilitate oncogenesis. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to evaluate the association between Candida spp. and TV co-infection with HPV in cervical oncogenesis. STUDY DESIGN:Women with normal cervix who were high-risk HPV-negative (N=104) and HPV-positive (N=105); women with CIN 1 (N=106) and CIN 2/CIN 3 (N=62) were recruited from a community based cervical cancer screening program. Cervical cancerpatients (N=106) were recruited from a tertiary care oncology clinic. High-risk HPV was detected by Hybrid Capture II technique; Candida spp. and TV were detected by culturing the high vaginal swabs followed by microscopic examination in all. The disease status was established by histopathology in all the women. RESULT: HPV-positive women had significantly higher risk of having precursor lesions (of any grade) and cancer compared to HPV-negative women. Candida spp. or TV infection did not alter the risk of low grade or high grade lesions among HPV- positive women. HPV positive women co-infected with TV had higher risk of cervical cancer but not those co-infected with Candida spp. CONCLUSION: The higher risk of cancer observed in the women co-infected with HPV and TV without any enhanced risk of CIN 3 suggests secondary infection of the malignant growth by TV rather than any causal role. Co-infection with Candida spp. and/or TV infection did not increase the carcinogenic effect of HPV on cervix.
Authors: I Nikas; A Hapfelmeier; M Mollenhauer; D Angermeier; M Bettstetter; R Götz; M Schmidmayr; V Seifert-Klauss; A Muckenhuber; U Schenck; Gregor Weirich Journal: Parasitol Res Date: 2018-03-17 Impact factor: 2.289
Authors: H J Alotaibi; F N Almajhdi; A N Alsaleh; D A Obeid; H H Khayat; T A Al-Muammer; A M Tulbah; M B Alfageeh; M N Al-Ahdal; F S Alhamlan Journal: Saudi J Biol Sci Date: 2020-03-19 Impact factor: 4.219