Overlooked competing asexual and sexually typified generic names of Ascomycota with recommendations for their use or protection.

With the change to one scientific name for fungal species, numerous papers have been published with recommendations for use or protection of competing generic names in major groups of ascomycetes. Although genera in each group of fungi were carefully considered, some competing generic names were overlooked. This paper makes recommendations for additional competing genera not considered in previous papers. Chairs of relevant Working Groups of the ICTF were consulted in the development of these recommendations. A number of generic names need protection, specifically Amarenographium over Amarenomyces, Amniculicola over Anguillospora, Balansia over Ephelis, Claviceps over Sphacelia, Drepanopeziza over Gloeosporidiella and Gloeosporium, Golovinomyces over Euoidium, Holwaya over Crinium, Hypocrella over Aschersonia, Labridella over Griphosphaerioma, Metacapnodium over Antennularia, and Neonectria over Cylindrocarpon and Heliscus. The following new combinations are made: Amniculicola longissima, Atichia maunauluana, Diaporthe columnaris, D. liquidambaris, D. longiparaphysata, D. palmicola, D. tersa, Elsinoë bucidae, E.caricae, E. choisyae, E. paeoniae, E. psidii, E. zorniae, Eupelte shoemakeri, Godronia myrtilli, G. raduloides, Sarcinella mirabilis, S. pulchra, Schizothyrium jamaicense, and Trichothallus niger. Finally, one new species name, Diaporthe azadirachte, is introduced to validate an earlier name, and the conservation of Discula with a new type, D. destructiva, is recommended.

INTRODUCTION

With the change to one scientific name for fungi (McNeill ), a number of papers have been published with recommendations for use or protection of competing generic names of ascomycetes. These papers address genera in the major groups of Sordariomycetes such as Diaporthales (Rossman ), Hypocreales (Rossman , Quandt ), Magnaporthales (Zhang ), Microascales and Ophiostomatales (de Beer ), Xylariaceae (Stadler ) and remaining Sordariomycetes (Réblová ) as well as Dothideomycetes (Rossman ), Eurotiales (Samson , Visagie ), Leotiomycetes including Erysiphales (Braun 2013, Johnston ), and yeast fungi (Daniel ). A paper on competing genera of Pezizomycetes is concluded in this issue (Healy ) and one on competing genera of Basidiomycetes is in preparation (J A Stalpers, pers. comm.). Thus competing generic names in most groups of pleomorphic fungi will then have been considered with recommendations made for use or protection of one generic name. Each of these papers was developed and recommendations approved by a Working Group of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). Although genera in each group of fungi were carefully considered, some competing generic names were overlooked. This paper makes recommendations for additional competing generic names not considered in previous papers. Table 1 is synopsis of the competing genera discussed in this paper with need for action noted, if necessary. If priority of sexually typified generic names is eliminated as has been proposed (Hawksworth 2015), asexually typified generic names that have priority need not be approved by the Nomenclature Committee on Fungi (NCF) as required now by the ICN. This is noted in Table 1 as required action similar to that required for generic names that do not have priority. Chairs of relevant Working Groups of the ICTF were consulted in the development of these recommendations as reflected in the authorship. Within each previously published paper necessary new combinations were made to place species in the recommended genera, however, additional required new combinations and nomenclatural issues have been discovered and are completed here.

In the following notes, (A) = a name typified by an asexual morph, and (S) = a name typified by a sexual morph.

EUROTIALES

The most commonly encountered members of Eurotiales, namely Aspergillus and Penicillium, have been reviewed with one scientific name recommended for each pleomorphic genus and species (Samson , Visagie ). However, three additional sets of competing generic names within Eurotiales are considered here.

Use Monascus Tiegh. 1884 (S) rather than Basipetospora G.T. Cole & W.B. Kendr. 1968 (A) and Backusia Thirum. et al. 1964 (S)

The asexual morph of the type species of Monascus, M. ruber, was described as Basipetospora rubra, type species of Basipetospora, by Cole & Kendrick (1968), and later regarded as B. vesicarum (Stalpers 1984), thus these generic names are synonyms. These authors also considered the monotypic genus Backusia based on B. terricola to be a synonym of Monascus. Stchigel provided an account of Monascus recognizing Basipetospora for the asexual morph and placed it in Aspergillaceae. Monascus includes a number of species that are important in food science for which the name Monascus is used exclusively. Monascus includes 30 species, with four names currently accepted in Basipetospora of which the two species described by Matsushima (1975) belong to different orders (Seifert & Gams, unpubl.). Given its priority, the greater number of species, a recent monograph, and its economic importance, the use of Monascus is recommended.

Use Paecilomyces Bainier 1907 (A) rather than Byssochlamys Westling 1909 (S)

The type species of Paecilomyces, P. variotii, and the type species of Byssochlamys, B. nivea, were shown to be congeneric through molecular sequence analyses (Luangsa-ard , Samson ), although the relationship between these genera had been known for some time (Stolk & Samson 1971). These fungi are thermotolerant and thus are important in the food and beverage industry as spoilage organisms (Samson ). The concept of Paecilomyces had been confused due to the reduced morphology of the asexual reproductive structures, however, many species that are not monophyletic with the type species have now been placed in other genera. These include fungi used in biological control, Purpureocillium lilicinum (syn. Paecilomyces lilicinum) and insect pathogens such as Isaria farinosa (syn. Paecilomyces farinosus) and I. fumosoroseus (syn. Paecilomyces fumosoroseum; Luangsa-ard , 2005). The use of Paecilomyces in the strict sense of those involved in food spoilage is widespread; in a recent Food Mycology workshop held in Freising, Germany, the group discussed these competing generic names and decided to recommend use of the generic name that has priority, namely Paecilomyces (Samson pers. comm.). Although several valid and accepted species of Paecilomyces sensu Stolk & Samson (1971) remain to be renamed, we support the community opinion to maintain the use of Paecilomyces over Byssochlamys.

Use Xeromyces L.R. Fraser 1954 (S) rather than Fraseriella Cif. & A.M. Corte 1957 (A)

The type of the monotypic genus Xeromyces, X. bisporus, is an extreme xerophilic fungus that can grow in sugary substances and is thus important in food mycology (Dallyn & Everton 1969). The asexual morph of X. bisporus was described as Fraseriella bispora, type of the monotypic genus Fraseriella, thus these generic names are synonyms and compete for use. Although an early study suggested that Xeromyces bisporus belonged in Monascus (Stchigel ), a more extensive account has shown that Xeromyces is a distinct genus within Eurotiales (Pettersson ). Xeromyces has priority and is used more extensively than Fraseriella, thus we recommend the use of Xeromyces.

AMPHISPHAERIALES

Protect Labridella Brenckle 1929 (S) over Gripho-sphaerioma Höhn. 1918 (A)

The sexual morph of the type species of Labridella, L. cornu-cervae, was determined to be Griphosphaerioma kansensis based on Cryptospora kansensis, an earlier name for G. symphoricarpi, by Shoemaker (1963). At present Griphosphaerioma includes one other species, G. zelkovicola, which has an asexual morph referred to as Sarcostroma zelkovicola (Ono & Kobayashi 2003). The generic name Sarcostroma is now regarded as Seimatosporium, thus it seems unlikely that G. zelkovicola is congeneric with the type of Griphosphaerioma. No molecular data exist for any of these species. The name Labridella cornu-cervae has been used in two major references (Nag Raj 1993, Sutton 1980) and Labridella is cited more frequently than Griphosphaerioma, thus we recommend Labridella for protection and use.

DIAPORTHALES

Five new combinations and one name validated in Diaporthe

The name Diaporthe has priority over Phomopsis and was recommended for use based on discussions within the Diaporthales Working Group (Rossman ). New combinations in Diaporthe of commonly encountered species were made in that paper. Some names of Phomopsis have been synonymized under older Diaporthe species names redefined using molecular data(Rossman , Udayanga ,b). A number of economically important species of Phomopsis have been sequenced and appear to be unique species within Diaporthe. Based on these sequences and the use of the generic name Diaporthe, we propose a new species to validate a name previously described in Phomopsis and the following five new combinations.

Diaporthe azadirachtae Udayanga & Castl., sp. nov.

MycoBank MB819047

Description: Original description as “Phomopsis azadirachtae” in Sateesh et al., Mycotaxon 65: 517 (1997).

Type: India: Karnataka, on dry twigs of Azadirachta indica; 1996, M.K Sateesh (HCIO 42119-holotype; University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, MUBH 983-isotype).

Diaporthe azadirachtae (as “Phomopsis azadirachtae”) causes a serious twig blight disease on Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), neem, and has widely been reported in phytopathological literature (Sateesh , Fathima , Girish & Shankara Bhat 2008, Prasad , 2010). This new name replaces “Phomopsis azadirachtae”, which was described with two specimens designated as type and so was not validly published (Art. 40.3). In addition this taxon is now placed in the correct genus, Diaporthe.

Diaporthe columnaris(Farr & Castl.) Udayanga & Castl., comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819020.

Basionym: Phomopsis columnaris D.F. Farr & Castl., Mycol. Res. 106: 747 (2002).

Diaporthe liquidambaris (C.Q. Chang et al.) Udayanga & Castl., comb.nov.

MycoBank MB819021.

Basionym: Phomopsis liquidambaris C.Q. Chang et al., Mycosystema 24: 9 (2005).

Diaporthe longiparaphysata (Uecker & K.C. Kuo) Udayanga & Castl., comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819022

Basionym: Phomopsis longiparaphysata Uecker & K.C. Kuo, Mycotaxon 44: 426 (1992).

Diaporthe palmicola (G. Winter) Udayanga & Castl., comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819023

Basionym: Phoma palmicola G. Winter, Grevillea 15: 92 (1887).

Synonym: Phomopsis palmicola (G. Winter) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 25: 132 (1915).

Diaporthe tersa (Sacc.) Udayanga & Castl., comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819024

Basionym: Phoma tersa Sacc., Bolm Soc. broteriana, Coimbra, sér. 1, 11: 16 (1893).

Synonym: Phomopsis tersa (Sacc.) B. Sutton, The Coelomycetes: 573 (1980).

Use Discula Sacc. 1884 based on D. destructiva Redlin 1991

In reviewing the generic names competing for use in Diaporthales, Rossman suggested that the generic name Discula based on D. platani, which is now regarded as D. nervisequa but erroneously stated as D. quercina, should be considered a synonym of Apiognomonia. Discula nervisequa is, however, now regarded as Apiognomonia veneta while the sexual morph of D. quercina could not be determined (Sogonov ). Most species of Discula are now recognized in Apiognomonia. One widely used species of Discula is not congeneric with the type species and is not synonymous with Apiognomonia, namely Discula destructiva, cause of dogwood anthracnose (Redlin 1991). This species has been shown to fall outside of Apiognomonia but still within Gnomoniaceae, and is not allied with any known genus (Castlebury , Mejia ). In order to continue the use of Discula destructiva for the cause of dogwood anthracnose and to eliminate the need for a new generic name and name change, a conservation proposal has been published to conserve Discula with a new type species, D. destructiva (Allen ).

HYPOCREALES

When the paper on recommendations for competing generic names in the non-clavicipitaceous Hypocreales was published based on deliberations of the Hypocreales Working Group (Rossman ), only those generic names needing protection due to lack of priority or having asexual types were included. Since then the philosophy has changed with the Working Group reports including all competing generic names in their papers, for completeness, thus additional competing generic names in the non-clavicipitaceous Hypocreales are presented here. The generic names recommended for use in Nectriaceae are in agreement with the comprehensive overview of this family presented by Lombard . Among the clavicipitaceous Hypocreales, Quandt published a paper on Ophiocordycipitaceae and a second major paper on Cordycipitaceae is planned to be published soon (R Kepler, pers. comm.). Several important generic pairs in Clavicipitaceae are considered here.

Protect Balansia Speg. 1885 (S) over Ephelis Fr. 1849 (A)

The genus Balansia is typified by B. claviceps and was monographed by Diehl (1950) with 13 species. A phylogeny of Balansia within Clavicipitaceae was provided by Reddy , who determined that six species of Balansia including the type form a monophyletic group. Balansia claviceps causes a disease referred to as false smut or flower blight that infects living inflorescences in tropical regions (Reddy ). This and other species of Balansia produce alkaloids that provide protection to grasses that harbour this fungus as an endophyte (White 1997). The generic name Ephelis, based on E. mexicana, has been used for the asexual morphs of species of Balansia but includes many fewer names. Ephelis mexicana is considered the asexual morph of B. claviceps as confirmed by Diehl (1950) and later authors (Bacon & White 1994, White 1997), thus these generic names are synonyms. Balansia is here proposed for protection over Ephelis and only Balansia is included in Kirk .

Use Calonectria De Not. 1867 (S) rather than Cylindrocladium Morgan 1892 (A) and Candelospora Rea & Hawley 1912 (A)

The relationship and restricted definition of Calonectria based on C. pyrochroa and its asexual morph in Cylindrocladium typified by C. scoparium was first recognized by Rossman (1979) and confirmed by Lombard , 2015). The type of Candelospora, C. ilicicola, has most recently been recognized as a synonym of Calonectria pyrochroa (Lombard ). Both Calonectria and Cylindrocladium are used about equally, thus we recommend following the principle of priority and using the name Calonectria. A number of important plant pathogic fungi are placed in this genus including Calonectria pseudonaviculata, cause of boxwood blight, and C. ilicicola, cause of black rot of peanut.

Use

The relationships of the type species of Calostilbe, C. striispora, to the asexual morph Calostilbella calostilbe, type of the monotypic Calostilbella, was first recognized by Samuels (1973, as “Nectria striispora”) and later confirmed as a genus distinct from Nectria in Rossman and Lombard . The synonymy of Xenostilbum sydowii, type of the monotypic Xenostilbum, with Calostilbella calostilbe was first recognized by von Arx (1981) and accepted by later authors. Given that the generic name Calostilbe has priority and is most widely used, Calostilbe is recommended for use.

Use Chaetopsina Rambelli 1956 (A) rather than Chaetopsinectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang 2010 (S)

Four species of Nectria s. lat. having Chaetopsina asexual morphs were described by Samuels (1985). These species were later placed in a separate genus Chaetopsinectria typified by N. chaetopsinae by Luo & Zhuang (2010). The asexual morph of N. chaetopsinae is Chaetopsina fulva, type of the generic name Chaetopsina (Samuels 1985), thus these generic names are synonyms. One of the four nectria-like species described by Samuels (1985) and placed in Chaetopsinectria has since been placed in Mariannaea, M. catenulatae, thus only three names remain in Chaetopsinectria all of which have names in Chaetopsina. Chaetopsina includes 18 names. Given its priority, widespread use, and greater number of names, the generic name Chaetopsina is recommended for use.

Protect Claviceps Tul. 1853 (S) over Sphacelia Lév. 1827 (A) and rather than Ustilagopsis Speg. 1880 (A)

The genus Claviceps, typified by C. purpurea, is well known as the cause of ergot and human diseases associated with infected cereals (Bove 1970) while the asexual morph producing a honey dew has been placed in Sphacelia. The type of Sphacelia, S. segetum, has long been regarded as the asexual morph of C. purpurea (Tulasne 1853). This species was recently determined to consist of three species with S. segetum recognized as a synonym of C. purpurea sensu stricto (Pažoutová ), thus there is no question that Claviceps and Sphacelia are synonyms. Another younger generic name, Ustilagopsis based on U. deliquescens, competes with Claviceps. This type is a synonym of Claviceps paspali as suggested by Wolf & Wolf (1947) and Langdon (1954), thus Ustilagopsis is a further synonym of Claviceps. In addition to ergot caused by C. purpurea, there are a number of important diseases caused by Clavicipes such as sorghum ergot, C. africana (Tooley ), and horse’s tooth of corn, C. giganteum (Fuentes ). These fungi produce a number of industrially important alkaloids (Hulvová ). Although Sphacelia includes 33 species names, the generic name Claviceps includes 88 names, many of which have been thoroughly studied (White ), is much more widely used, and should be protected for use.

Use Corallomycetella Henn. 1904 (S) rather than Rhizostilbella Wolk 1914 (A)

The type species of Corallomycetella, C. heinsenii, was confirmed as a synonym of C. repens by Rossman , a common tropical fungus that is known to cause diseases such as violet root rot of cacao, Theobroma cacao, and other root rot diseases on woody plants (Booth & Holliday 1973, as “Sphaerostilbe repens”). Seifert (1985) recognized the synonymy of the type species of Rhizostilbella, R. rubra, with Stilbum hibisci, then considered the asexual morph of Nectria mauritiicola, now C. repens (Rossman ). Corallomycetella was recently monographed by Herrera in which Corallomycetella was accepted over Rhizostilbella as was also the case in Lombard . Given its priority and widespread use, we recommend the use of Corallomycetella.

Use Epichloë (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. 1865 (S) rather than Neotyphodium Glenn et al. 1996 (A)

The relationship of Epichloë and Neotyphodium has already been addressed with all names resolved by Leuchtmann . They clearly demonstrated that these generic names are synonyms and agreed with priority thus recommending the use of Epichloë.

Protect Hypocrella Sacc. 1878 (S) over Aschersonia Mont. 1848 (A)

The genus Hypocrella based on H. discoidea has been defined to include the type and four additional species while most species previously regarded as Hypocrella are now placed in the genera Moelleriella and Samuelsia (Chaverri ). The type species of Aschersonia, A. tahitensis, was said to be closely related to the type of Hypocrella (Chaverri ), although H. discoidea was considered to have an asexual morph referred to as A. samoensis by Hywel-Jones . Nevertheless the generic names Hypocrella and Aschersonia are synonyms. Both names have been used extensively in the literature and include many names but with the narrow concept of Hypocrella, relatively few species remain in that genus but even fewer remain in Aschersonia. Given its widespread use and the greater number of names, we recommend the generic name Hypocrella for protection and use.

Protect Neonectria Wollenw. 1917 (S) over the additional synonym Heliscus Sacc. 1880 (A) as well as Cylindrocarpon Wollenw. 1913 (A)

As part of discussions by the Hypocreales Working Group, it was decided to protect Neonectria over Cylindrocarpon (Rossman ). Since then Lombard demonstrated that the type species of Heliscus, H. lugdunensis, belongs in Neonectria. This species is an aquatic hyphomycete with unusual helicoid conidia. Heliscus includes only a few species while over 50 species have been described in Neonectria including a number of important plant pathogens such as N. coccinea, cause of beech bark disease in Europe, and N. galligena, cause of canker disease of apple, birch and other hardwood trees in temperate regions. Given that Neonectria is already proposed for protection over Cylindrocarpon and that Heliscus is a relatively unknown genus with few species, it is recommended that Neonectria also be protected over Heliscus.

Use Ophionectria Sacc. 1878 (S) rather than Antipodium Piroz. 1974 (A)

The type of the generic name Ophionectria, O. trichospora, is a relatively common and distinctive species occurring on rotting wood in tropical regions (Rossman 1977). The asexual morph of O. trichospora was described as the equally distinctive Antipodium spectabile in the monotypic genus Antipodium (Pirozynski 1974), thus these generic names are synonyms. Given its priority and widespread use, the name Ophionectria is recommended for use.

Use Penicillifer Emden 1968 (A) rather than Viridispora Samuels & Rossman 1999 (S)

Two species of Nectria s. lat. were determined to have asexual morphs belonging to the genus Penicillifer by Samuels (1989). Rossman recognized these species with two others as the distinct genus Viridospora, typified by V. penicilliferi. Lombard demonstrated that the type species of Viridospora and the type species of Penicillifer, P. pulcher, were congeneric thus these generic names are synonyms. About eight names are included in Penicillifer with only four names in Viridispora, all of which also have names in Penicillifer. Given its priority, widespread use and greater number of names, we recommend the use of Penicillifer.

Use Sarcopodium Ehrenb. 1818 (A) rather than Actinostilbe Petch 1925 (A) and Lanatonectria Samuels & Rossman 1999 (S)

A clade with the type species of Sarcopodium, S. circinatum, was shown to include the type species of Lanatanectria, L. flocculenta (as S. macalpinei), and the type species of Actinostilbe, A. vanillae (as S. vanilla) by Lombard , thus these three generic names are synonyms. Actinostilbe had previously been shown to be a synonym of Sarcopodium by Sutton (1981). About thirty names are included in Sarcopodium, a generic name that is widely used. Only five names have been placed in Lanatonectria. Given its priority, widespread use and greater number of names, we recommend the use of Sarcopodium.

Use Ustilaginoidea Bref. 1895 (A) rather than Villosiclava E. Tanaka & C. Tanaka 2009 (S)

The type species of Ustilaginoidea, U. oryzae, now recognized as U. virens, causes a disease called false smut of rice that occurs throughout the rice-growing regions of the world (Mulder & Holliday 1971). A monotypic generic name for the sexual morph of this fungus, Villosiclava based on V. virens, was published by Tanaka in which the relationship between these two names as the same species was confirmed. Thus there is no question that these generic names are synonyms. Ustilaginoidea has been used widely for this disease while the sexual morph name is relatively recent and has not been used to any extent. Given its widespread use and priority, Ustilaginoidea is recommended for use.

Use Volutella Fr. 1832 (A) nom. cons. rather than Volutellonectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang 2012 (S)

Volutella based on V. ciliata is a well known genus of ubiquitous, sporodochial, saprobic fungi. This generic name has been conserved over the plant name Volutella Forsk. 1775 (Lauraceae) (Hawksworth & Tulloch 1972). The link with the nectria-like sexual morph Nectria consors was determined by Samuels (1977). This species, as Volutellonectria consors, served as the type of the generic name Volutellonectria with three species. Gräfenhan and Lombard demonstrated that Volutella ciliata and V. consors are congeneric and should be regarded as a distinct genus in Nectriaceae. Given the numerous species, its priority, and widespread use, it is recommended that Volutella be used for this genus.

Use Xenocylindrocladium Decock (A) rather than Xenocalonectria Crous & C.L. Schoch (2000)

The type species of Xenocylindrocladium, X. serpens, was described as the asexual morph of Nectria serpens (Decock ), a name that was later transferred to the monotypic Xenocalonectria (Schoch ), thus these generic names are synonyms. Given the three names in that genus and its priority, we recommend the use of Xenocylindrocladium.

SORDARIOMYCETES INCERTAE SEDIS

Use Batistia Cif. 1958 (S) rather than Acrostroma Seifert 1987 (A)

The monotypic genus Batistia is based on B. annulipes with which an asexual morph, Acrostroma annellosynnema, was linked using cultural methods by Samuels & Rodriguez (1989). No sequence data have been published for this species and the only known cultures are lost (S Huhndorf, in litt. to K A Seifert). The generic name Acrostroma, typified by A. annulipes, was described by Seifert (1987) with two species added since then (Verma ) that are probably misclassified (Seifert ). Batistia annulipes is a relatively common and distinctive tropical fungus, thus this genus is more widely known than Acrostroma. Based on its greater use in the literature and priority, we recommend the use of Batistia.

LEOTIOMYCETES

In reviewing generic names in Leotiomycetes, Johnston listed competing generic names and proposed a single generic name for protection or use. However, the following three sets of generic names were not included in that paper. In addition two new combinations are made in genera reviewed previously and the protection of a generic name of a powdery mildew (Leotiomycetes, Erysiphales) omitted in Braun (2013) is proposed.

Protect Drepanopeziza (Kleb.) Jaap 1914 (S) over Gloeosporium Desm. & Mont. 1848 (A) and rather than Gloeosporidiella Petr. 1921 (A)

Drepanopeziza ribis, type species of Drepanopeziza, is commonly encountered causing a leaf spot disease of current or gooseberry anthracnose (Booth & Walker 1979). The name Drepanopeziza was recognized at the generic rank for the first time by Jaap (1914) based on Pseudopeziza subgenus Drepanopeziza described by Klebahn (1906) who based this subgenus on P. ribis, the only species mentioned in this description; Index Fungorum erroneously gives P. campestris as the type of Drepanopeziza. Although Jaap (1914) recognized D. campestris based on P. campestris, he attributed the generic name to Klebahn’s name ). This name automatically becomes the type. Drepanopeziza was not included in Johnston because this name was considered to represent a good genus with no competing synonyms. Since then, it has been discovered that the type species of Gloeosporium, G. castagnei, is the asexual morph of D. populi-albae and the type species of Gloeosporidiella, G. ribis, is the asexual morph of D. ribis. Similarly G. variabile is the asexual morph of D. variabilis (Rimpau 1961). Thus Gloeosporium and Gloeosporidiella are congeneric with Drepanopeziza. Von Arx (1957) provided an account of the over 800 names described in a very broadly circumscribed Gloeosporium, which are used for asexual morphs of species in genera throughout the ascomycetes. Gloeosporidiella is a smaller genus with only 18 species some of which were included in von Arx (1957) and Sutton (1980). Based on its widespread use, the ill-defined, historical concept of Gloeosporium, and the relative obscurity of Gloeosporidiella, Drepanopeziza is recommended for protection and use over these two competing generic names.

Protect Golovinomyces (U. Braun) Heluta 1988 (S) over Euoidium Y.L. Paul & J.N. Kapoor 1985 (A)

Braun (2012) discussed the relevance of asexual and sexual morph-typified names in powdery mildews (Erysiphales) and proposed to give general preference to names based on sexual morphs. This approach to solve corresponding nomenclatural problems in powdery mildews was implemented by Braun (2013) who proposed to conserve the sexual morph-typified name Blumeria against the asexual morph-typified name Oidium and twenty-two sexual morph-typified species names against competing asexual morph-typified names. One case at the generic level was omitted. Braun (1978) introduced Erysiphe sect. Golovinomyces for powdery mildews characterized by having ascomata with mycelioid appendages, 2-spored asci, and a characteristic asexual morph: i.e. appressoria indistinct to nipple-shaped, conidia catenescent, without fibrosin bodies. Heluta (1988) raised this section to generic rank by introducing the new combination Golovinomyces. The asexual morph-typified name Euoidium was proposed by Paul & Kapoor (1985) with Oidium erysiphioides as type species. This generic name was previously used in the broad sense for all kinds of asexual powdery mildews with conidia formed in chains. Oidium erysiphoides is also a dubious name, i.e. used in a very wide sense for all kinds of asexual powdery mildews. Type material of O. erysiphoides is not preserved. In order to clarifiy the application of Oidium erysiphoides and thereby Euoidium, Braun & Cook (2012) neotypified this species name with asexual morph material of Golovinomyces biocellatus making Euoidium a heterotypic synonym of Golovinomyces. The name Euoidium dates from 1985 while Golovinomyces was introduced at the generic rank in 1988. Following the proposal to give general preference to sexual morph-typified names in powdery mildews, its wide recognition, and phylogenetically proven distinction, Golovinomyces is proposed for protection over Euoidium.

Protect Holwaya Sacc. 1889 over the additonal synonym Crinium Fr. 1819 (A)

Although the generic name Holwaya has been proposed for protection over Crinula in Johnston , since then it has been determined that Holwaya must also be protected against Crinium based on the type, Acrospermum caliciiforme. In the protologue for Crinium Fries (1819) mentioned only this species with reference to its place of publication. Later Fries (1821) placed A. caliciiforme in the genus Crinula. The name Crinium has not been used since then, thus Holwaya is proposed for protection over Crinium.

Use Pseudeurotium J.F.H. Beyma 1937 (S) rather than Teberdinia Sogonov et al. 2005 (A)

The genus Pseudeurotium based on P. zonatum includes 19 names and belongs in Pseudeurotiaceae. Sogonov described the monotypic genus Teberdinia, based on T. hygrophila, including three unnamed asexual morphs of species of Pseudeurotium. In determining the phylogenetic position of the fungus causing white-nose syndrome of bats now known as Pseudogymnoascus destructans, Minnis & Lindner (2013) demonstrated that Pseudeurotium and Teberdinia were synonyms and placed T. hygrophila in Pseudeurotium. While Teberdinia is monotypic and relatively obscure, Pseudeurotium has priority, includes a number species, and is well known, thus we recommend the use of Pseudeurotium.

NEW COMBINATIONS IN LEOTIOMYCETES

In reviewing generic names in Leotiomycetes, Johnston recommended the use of Godronia rather than Topospora. Since then it has been determined that two names in Topospora should be placed in Godronia so these new combinations are proposed here:

Godronia myrtilli (Feltgen) J.K. Stone, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819026

Basionym: Dothiopsis myrtilli Feltgen, Vorstud. Pilzfl. Luxemb., Nachtr. III: 286 (1903).

Synonym: Topospora myrtilli (Feltgen) Boerema, Gewasbescherming 1(4): 66 (1970).

In studying Sirococcus, Konrad used Godronia (syn. Topospora) as an outgroup and showed that two isolates of T. myrtilli grouped with G. cassandrae, thus confirming that T. myrtilli belongs in Godronia.

Godronia raduloides (Sacc. & Scalia) J.K. Stone, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819027

Basionym: Rhynchophoma raduloides Sacc. & Scalia, Harriman Alaska Expedition 5: 20 (1904).

Synonym: Topospora raduloides (Sacc. & Scalia) Verkley, Nova Hedwigia 75: 444 (2002).

In placing this species in Topospora, Verkley (2002) noted that on the type material there was a note “...accompanied by apothecia of a species of Godronia”, and he suggested that Godronia was the sexual morph of T. raduloides.

DOTHIDEOMYCETES

Although a list has been published of recommendations for competing genera in the Dothideomycetes (Rossman ) based on Wijayawardene , a number of additional competing generic names have been noted since then and are listed here with recommendations for the generic name to use.

Use Abrothallus De Not 1845 (S) rather than Vouauxiomyces Dyko & D. Hawksw. 1979 (A)

The generic name Abrothallus, typified by A. bertianus, represents a relatively well-known group of lichenicolous fungi including about 60 names, while Vouauxiomyces based on V. truncatus (Hawksworth & Dyko 1979), the asexual morph of A. microspermus. The connection between these generic names was confirmed using electrophoretic methods by Pérez-Ortega , who cited numerous papers in which this relationship was noted. In addition two recent accounts of Abrothallus have been published in which the phylogeny and species of this genus are elaborated (Pérez-Ortega et al. 2014, Suija ). Given the greater number of species, widespread use, and priority, use of Abrothallus is recommended.

Use Acroconidiellina M.B. Ellis 1971 (A) rather than Zeuctomorpha Sivan. et al. 1984 (S)

The monotypic genus Zeuctomorpha, based on Z. arecae, was described as the sexual morph of Acroconidiellina arecae. No molecular work exists to confirm that A. arecae is congeneric with the type species of Acroconidiellina, A. loudetiae, but this seems likely. Assuming that these type species belong in the same genus, it follows that Acrodonidiellina and Zeuctomorpha are congeneric. Acroconidiellina includes four species, is more commonly used, has priority, and was accepted by Hernández-Restropo , thus we recommend the use of Acroconidiellina.

Protect Amarenographium O.E. Erikss. 1982 (A) over Amarenomyces O.E. Erikss. 1981 (S)

The type species of Amarenomyces, A. ammophilae, was determined to be the sexual morph of Amarenographium metableticum, type of Amarenographium (Eriksson 1982, Phooksamsak ), thus these generic names are synonyms. Although Amarenomyces ammophilae is widely reported as an aquatic fungus, it remains the only name placed in this genus while four species have been included in Amarenographium (Nag Raj 1989). Both generic names have been cited about equally. Rather than make three name changes, we recommend protecting the name Amarenographium for which no name changes are required.

Protect Amniculicola Y. Zhang ter & K.D. Hyde 2008 (S) over Anguillospora Ingold 1942 (A)

Both Zhang and Shearer showed that the type species of Anguillospora, A. longissima, groups with three species of Amniculicola including the type, A. lignicola, within Pleosporales, thus Anguillospora and Amniculicola are synonyms. Although more species of Anguillospora have been described, these aquatic hyphomycetous fungi tend to be morphologically convergent with most sequenced species belonging in the Leotiomycetes (Belliveau & Barlocher 2005, Baschien , Duarte ). Although 18 species have been described in Anguillospora, five are known to belong in the Leotiomycetes, another in the Orbiliomycetes, and one in the Dothideales but not related to Amniculicola. Only the type species of Anguillospora, A. longissima, is monophyletic with the three species of Amniculicola. Thus, if Amniculicola is protected over Anguilllospora, only one new combination is required. The use of Anguillospora with a new type species belonging to the Leotiomycetes will be proposed. This will conserve Anguillospora in the sense in which it has been most commonly used.

One new combination is necessary:

Amniculicola longissima (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Nadeeshan & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819029

Basionym: Fusarium longissimum Sacc. & P. Syd., Syll. Fung. 14: 1128 (1899).

Use Atichia Flot. 1850 (A) rather than Seuratia Pat. 1904 (S)

Atichia glomerulosa, the older name for A. mosigii, type species of Atichia, is commonly reported as a lichen-like, superficial, gelatinous, black fungus on evergreen leaves in warm temperate and tropical regions (Meeker 1975, Gillis & Glawe 2008). Its sexual morph was described as Seuratia coffeicola, later referred to as S. millardetii, type species of Seuratia (Meeker 1975). Three names have been placed in Seuratia, two of which have names in Atichia. Although Atichia includes 20 names, many of these appear to be synonyms. These fungi are most commonly reported as Atichia and that generic name has priority, thus Atichia is recommended for use.

The following new combination is required:

Atichia maunauluana (Meeker) Rossman, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819030

Basionym: Seuratia maunauluana Meeker, Can. J. Bot. 53: 2490 (1975).

Use Blasdalea Sacc. & P. Syd. 1902 (S) rather than Chrysogloeum Petr. 1959 (A) or Singerella Petr. 1959 (S)

Petrak (1959) established the monotypic genus Chrysogloeum based on C. peruvianum to accommodate the asexual morph of Singeriella peruvianum, monotype of Singeriella. According to Kirk , Singeriella is a synonym of the monotypic Blasdalea based on B. disciformis. Hence, these three monotypic generic names are all based on the same species. Swart (1971) established the family Vizellaceae for the genera Blasdalea and Vizella. Neither Chrysogloeum nor Singeriella have been considered by any but the original author. Blasdalea has priority, thus this generic name is recommended for use.

Use Capnodium Mont. 1849 (S) rather than the additional synonym Fumagospora G. Arnaud 1911 (A)

Following Hughes (1976), Crous demonstrated that the sexual morph of Fumagospora, F. capnodioides, is Capnodium salicinum, type of Capnodium, thus Fumagospora is an additional synonym of Capnodium, which was recommended for protection over Polychaeton 1846 by the Dothideomycetes Working Group (Rossman ).

Use Dilophospora Desm. 1840 (A) rather than Lidophia J. Walker & B. Sutton 1974 (S)

Twist disease caused by Dilophospora alopecuri occurs on the leaves, stems and glumes of cereals and grasses in temperate regions throughout the world (Gibson & Sutton 1976, Riley 1996). The generic name Dilophospora is based on the type species, D. graminis, a synonym of D. alopecuri (Walker & Sutton 1974). The generic name Lidophia was established by Walker & Sutton (1974) for the later homonym Dilophia Sacc. 1883 non Dilophia Thomson 1853 (Brassicaceae). The type species of Lidophia is L. graminis based on Dilophia graminis, the sexual morph of Dilophospora alopecuri (Walker & Sutton 1974), thus Dilophospora and Lidophia are synonyms. Lidophia is a monotypic genus while Dilophospora now includes two species, is widely used, and has priority, thus we recommend the use of Dilophospora.

Six new combinations in Elsinoë:

Based on deliberations of the Dothideomycetes Working Group (Rossman ), it was recommended that the generic name Elsinoë should be protected over Sphaceloma. Six names in Sphaceloma of importance to plant quarantine officials in the United States are herein transferred to Elsinoë.

Elsinoë bucidae (A.M.J. Watson & Jenkins) Romberg & W.C. Allen, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819031

Basionym: Sphaceloma bucidae A.M.J. Watson & Jenkins, Mycologia 61: 276 (1969).

Elsinoë caricae (Ikata & Katsuki) Romberg & W.C. Allen, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819032

Basionym: Sphaceloma caricae Ikata & Katsuki, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 21: 14 (1956).

Elsinoë choisyae (A.M.J. Watson & Jenkins) Romberg & W.C. Allen, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819033

Basionym: Sphaceloma choisyae A.M.J. Watson & Jenkins, Mycologia 61: 276 (1969).

Elsinoë paeoniae (Kuros.) Romberg & W.C. Allen, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819034

Basionym: Sphaceloma paeoniae Kuros., Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 9: 131 (1939).

Elsinoë psidii (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Romberg & W.C. Allen, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819035

Basionym: Sphaceloma psidii Bitanc. & Jenkins, Archos Inst. biol., S. Paulo 19: 105 (1949) [“1949-50”].

Elsinoë zorniae (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Romberg & W.C. Allen, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819036

Basionym: Sphaceloma zorniae Bitanc. & Jenkins, Aq. Inst. Biol. São Paulo 11: 47 (1940).

In addition, Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa, differentiated from Elsinoë fawcettii on the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics, should be considered synonymous with E. fawcettii based on molecular analyses (Tan , Hyun ).

Use Eupelte Syd. 1924 (S) rather than Maurodothina G. Arnaud ex Piroz. & Shoemaker 1970 (S) or Pirozynskia Subram.1972 (A)

The genus Eupelte, based on E. amicta, was considered by von Arx & Müller (1975) to include the type species of two other genera, namely E. dothideoides, type of Maurodothina, and E. farriae, the sexual morph of the type of Pirozynskia, P. farriae, thus these three generic names are synonyms. Eupelte farriae causes a black mildew on Abies in north temperate regions (Pirozynski & Shoemaker 1970). Among the four names included in these three genera, all but one have been included in Eupelte, thus use of the oldest generic name is recommended.

Eupelte shoemakeri (Subram.) Rossman, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819037

Basionym: Pirozynskia shoemakeri Subram., Curr. Sci. 41: 711 (1972).

Use Koordersiella Höhn. 1909 (S) rather than Hansfordiellopsis Deighton 1960 (A) and Ascohansfordiellopsis D. Hawksw. 1979 (S)

The synonymy of these three lichenicolous generic names was presented by Hawksworth (2016). Based on morphology, he considered the type species of Koordersiella, K. javanica, and the type species of Hansfordiellopsis, H. aburiensis (now regarded as a synonym of K. insectivora), to be congeneric. Although Hansfordiellopsis includes eight species names while Koordersiella has only five, he accepted priority because all of these fungi are relatively obscure and thus used Koordersiella, and we concur.

Protect Metacapnodium Speg. 1918 (S) over Antennularia Rchb. 1838 (S) and rather than Torulopsiella Bender 1932 (A), Capnocybe S. Hughes 1966 (A), Capnophialophora S. Hughes 1966 (A), Capnobotrys S. Hughes 1970 (A), and Capnosporium S. Hughes 1976 (A)

The genus Metacapnodium is typified by M. juniperi (Hughes 1972). This genus was recently considered to be congeneric with Antennularia based on A. ericophila, which was placed in Metacapnodium as M. ericophilum (Hyde ). In addition they considered Capnocybe typified by C. fraserae to be an asexual morph of Metacapnodium fraserae (Hughes 1976). Hughes (1972, 1981) also listed Capnobotrys, Capnophialophora and Torulopsiella as names for the synanamorphs of Metacapnodium. Thus these six generic names compete for use. Four of these names, Capnocybe with three species, Capnophialophora with three species, monotypic Capnosporium, and Torulopsiella with two species, are rarely used. Although Antennularia includes 17 names and Capnobotrys includes ten, Metacapnodium with 14 names is widely used and should be protected as suggested in Hyde .

Use Microxiphium (Harv. ex Berk. & Desm.) Thüm. 1879 (A) rather than Dennisiella Bat. & Cif. 1962 (S)

The generic name Microxiphium (previously often spelled “Microxyphium”) is typified by M. footii while the type of Dennisiella is D. babingtonii. The types of these generic names are considered the same species (Dennis & Ellis 1952, Hughes 1976, Sivanesan 1984). Little molecular study has been conducted on these fungi, nevertheless, Microxiphium fagi, the earliest name for this species (Hughes 1976), is reported commonly in the literature. At present Microxiphium includes 33 names while Rocha provided a key to the nine species of Dennisiella. Based on priority, the greater number of names, and widespread use, Microxiphium is recommended for use.

Use Mirandina G. Arnaud ex Matsush. 1975 (A) rather than Chaetonectrioides Matsush. 1996 (S)

The type of Mirandina, M. corticola, is a relatively common fresh-water hyphomycete that is known from Europe and Asia (Czeczuga , Kobayashi 2007). The sexual morph of the congeneric species, M. flagelliformis, was described as Chaetonectrioides malaysiana, in the monotypic genus Chaetonectrioides, thus these generic names are synonyms. About 10 species have been included in Mirandina with two species described recently (Ma , Fiuza ). No DNA sequences exist for any of these species. Given the greater number of species and priority, use of Mirandina is recommended.

Use Protoventuria Berl. & Sacc. 1887 (S) rather than Ramalia Bat. 1957 (A)

The genus Protoventuria is typified by P. rosae based on Venturia rosae and includes 46 names. Zhang demonstrated that this species groups with Protoventuria alpina to form a distinct lineage of Dothideomycetes that should be regarded as Protoventuria. The type species of Ramalia, R. veronicae, was placed in the genus Fusicladium as F. veronicae by Sutton & Pascoe (1988). They also described Protoventuria parahebicola for the sexual morph of this species, which causes leaf spots on Parahebe (Scrophulariaceae), thus Protoventuria and Ramalia are synonyms. Although one additional name, R. byrsonimatis was described in Ramalia (Braun & Mouchacca 2000), that name has remained obscure. Protoventuria includes over 40 names, is widely used, and has priority over Ramalia, thus Protoventuria is recommended for use.

Use Sarcinella Sacc. 1880 (A) rather than Schiffnerula Höhn. 1909 (S) and Questieriella S. Hughes 1983 (A)

When Hughes (1983) described the genus Questieriella based on Q. pulchra, he stated that the sexual morph was Schiffnerula pulchra and that Sarcinella heterospora, type of Sarcinella, represented a second asexual morph of the same species.Thus the generic names Sarcinella and Questieriella are synonyms. Earlier Hughes (1952) had distinguished the asexual morph of Schiffnerula mirabilis, type of the genus Schiffnerula, from S. pulchra. Hughes (1952) and Hosagoudar (2003) considered S. mirabilis and S. pulchra to be congeneric, thus Schiffnerula is also congeneric with Questieriella and Sarcinella. A second species of Schiffnerula, S. corni, was described from Quebec having Questieriella and Sarcinella synasexual morphs (Hughes 1990), again suggesting this generic synonymy. None of these species have been sequenced. Sarcinella provides the oldest generic name for these fungi, is used about equally with Schiffnerula, and has about the same number of names, thus the principle of priority is followed and Sarcinella is recommended for use.

The following new combinations are required:

Sarcinella mirabilis (Höhn.) Seifert, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819038

Basionym: Schiffnerula mirabilis Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 868 (1909).

Sarcinella pulchra (Sacc.) Seifert, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819044

Basionym: Apiosporium pulchrum Sacc., Mycoth. Univ., cent. 1: no. 52 (1875).

Synonyms: Dimerosporium pulchrum (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1: 52 (1882).

Schiffnerula pulchra (Sacc.) Petr., Ann. mycol. 26: 397 (1928).

Sarcinella heterospora Sacc., Fungi italica autogr. del. 1–4: tab. 126 (1877).

Questieriella pulchra S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 61: 1730. 1983.

An additional new combination in Schizothyrium

Previously the generic name Schizothyrium was recommended for use rather than Zygophiala and most names have been placed in Schizothyrium, however, one name was overlooked.

Schizothyrium jamaicense (E.W. Mason) Rossman, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819039

Basionym: Zygophiala jamaicense E.W. Mason, Mycol. Pap. 13: 5 (1945).

Use Trichothallus D. Stevens 1925 (A) rather than Plokamidomyces Bat. et al. 1957 (A) or Trichopeltheca Bat. et al. 1958(S)

Hughes (1965) monographed Trichopeltheca and accepted two species including the type species T. asiatica and listing the type species of Plokamidomyces, P. colensoi, as a synonym. He also accepted a second species, T. stevensii, with the type species of Trichothallus, T. hawaiiensis, as a synonym, thus these three generic names are synonyms. These sooty moulds develop from a distinctive one-cell thick stroma growing over living plant tissue, with setae, conidia and perithecia developing from the same stromata. Although there are no cultures or DNA sequence data, there is little doubt that these two species are congeneric and that the constituitive morphs are part of the same fungus. None of the three generic names is frequently cited in the literature. Adopting either the older asexual morph name Trichothallus or the sexual morph name Trichopeltheca would require making a new combination. We opt to respect priority in this case and recommend the adoption of the oldest generic name Trichothallus.

Trichothallus niger(Jennings) Seifert, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB819047

Basionym: Phycopeltis nigra Jennings, Proc.R. Irish Acad. 3: 758 (1896).

Type: New Zealand: Rotorua, on Nesodaphne towa (sic, = Beilschmiedia tawa), A.V. Jennings (DBN-, MBT-isotype).

Synonyms: Plokamidomyces colensoi Bat. et al., Atti Ist. bot. Univ. Lab. crittog. Pavia, ser. 5, 15: 47 (1957).

Trichopeltheca asiatica Bat. et al., Publicações Inst. Micol. Recife 90: 13 (1958) [“1957”].

Notes: On the basis of the protologue of Phycopeltis nigra, Santesson (1944) concluded that the type material was mixed and that the name should be considered a nomen confusum, as was common practice at the time and permitted under the Code then in force. Hughes (1965) examined co-type (i.e. syntypes) specimens in DBN and MBT and recognized that P. nigra was identical with T. asiatica, arguing that the ‘type form’ described in the protologue corresponded with the Trichopeltheca component. He did not make the new combination, presumably because the species had originally been described as an alga. The lectotype proposed above is selected based on Hughes’ observations.

Use Xenodium Syd. 1935 (S) rather than Xenodiella Syd. 1935 (A)

The generic names Xenodium typified by X. petrakii and Xenodiella typified by X. petrakii were published in the same article as sexual and asexual morphs of the same species (Sydow 1935), thus these generic names are synonyms. Both generic names are monotypic, however, Xenodium has been used in the literature more than Xenodiella, thus Xenodium is recommended for use.

Use Yoshinagaia Henn. 1904 (A) rather than Japonia Höhn. 1909 (S), Yoshinagamyces Hara 1912 (A) or Monoloculia Hara 1927 (A)

The type species of each of these four monotypic generic names, Yoshinagaia, Japonia, Yoshinagamyces and Monoloculia, are the same species as explained by Sivanesan & Hsieh (1995). All of the names are relatively obscure but Yoshinagaia is used more frequently than the others. In addition, Japonia is also used as the name for an insect, thus we recommend use of the name that has priority, namely Yoshinagaia.

The nomenclator for the type species of these four generic names is:

Henn., Hedwigia 43: 143 (1904).

Synonyms: Monoloculia quercus (Henn.) Hara, Diseases of Trees: 171 (1927).

Japonia quercus Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1, 118: 879. (1909).

Yoshinagamyces quercus Hara, Bot. Mag., (Tokyo) 26: 143 (1912).

Table 1.

Recommended generic names that compete for use not considered in previous papers. The recommended accepted generic name is in bold; see text for rationale for these decisions. For each generic name this list provides the authors, its date and place of publication, the type species of the genus, its basionym, their dates of publication, and the currently accepted name, if different. The action required is indicated in the last column such as protection of name that is recommended for use but does not have priority. NCF = Nomenclature Committee for Fungi.

Recommended generic name	Synonymous alternate morph generic name	Action required
EUROTIALES
Monascus Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 31: 226. 1884.Type: M. ruber Tiegh. 1884.	Basipetospora G.T. Cole & W.B. Kendr. in Canad. J. Bot. 46: 991. 1968.Type: B. rubra G.T. Cole & W.B. Kendr. 1968, now regarded as Monascus ruber Tiegh 1884.Backusia Thirum. et al. in Mycologia 56: 813. 1965.Type: B. terricola Thirum. et al. 1965, now regarded as Monascus ruber Tiegh 1884.	None.
Paecilomyces Bainier in Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 23: 26. 1907.Type: P. variotii Bainier 1907.	Byssochlamys Westling in Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 3: 134.1909.Type: B. nivea Westling 1909, now regarded as Paecilomyces niveus Stolk & Samson 1971.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Xeromyces L.R. Fraser in Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 78: 245. 1954. [1953].Type: X. bisporus L.R. Fraser 1954.	Fraseriella Cif. & A.M. Corte in Atti Ist. Bot. Lab. Crittog. Univ. Pavia, ser. 4 14: 109. 1957.Type: F. bispora Cif. & A.M. Corte 1957, now regarded as Xeromyces bisporus L.R. Fraser 1954.	None.
AMPHISPHAERIALES
Labridella Brenckle in Fungi Dakotenses: no. 663. 1929.Type: L. cornu-cervae Brenckle 1929.	Griphosphaerioma Höhn. in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 36: 312. 1918.Type: G. symphoricarpi Höhn. 1918, now regarded as Labridella cornu-cervae Brenkle 1929.	Protection needed by NCF.
HYPOCREALES
Balansia Speg. in Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 19: 45. 1885.Type: B. claviceps Speg. 1885.	Ephelis Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 370. 1849.Type: E. mexicana Fr. 1849, now regarded as Balansia claviceps Speg. 1885.	Protection needed by NCF if proposal to remove sexual type priority is accepted.
Calonectria De Not. in Comment. Soc. Crittog. Ital. 2: 477. 1867.Type: C. daldiniana De Not. 1867, now regarded as C. pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacc. 1878.	Cylindrocladium Morgan in Bot. Gaz. 17: 191. 1892.Type: C. scoparium Morgan 1892, now regarded as Calonectria cylindrospora (Ellis & Everh.) Rossman et al. 2015.Candelospora Rea & Hawley in Proc. Roy Irish Acad., sect. B, Biol. Sci. 13: 11. 1912.Type: C. ilicicola Hawley 1912, now regarded as Calonectria pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacc. 1878.	None.
Calostilbe Sacc. & P. Syd., Syll. Fung. 16: 591. 1902.Type: Calostilbe longiasca (Möller) Sacc. & P. Syd. 1902, basionym: Sphaerostilbe longiasca Möller 1901, now regarded as Calostilbe striispora (Ellis & Everh.) Seaver 1928.	Calostilbella Höhn. in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 37: 160. 1919.Type: C. calostilbe Höhn. 1919, now regarded as Calostilbe striispora (Ellis & Everh.) Seaver 1928.Xenostilbum Petr. in Sydowia 13: 105. 1959.Type: X. sydowii Petr. 1959, now regarded as Calostilbe striispora (Ellis & Everh.) Seaver 1928.	None.
Chaetopsina Rambelli in Atti Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna, Cl. Sci. Fis. Rendiconti 3: 5. 1956.Type: C. fulva Rambelli 1956.	Chaetopsinectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang in Mycologia 102: 979. 2010.Type: C. chaetopsinae (Samuels) J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang 2010, basionym: Nectria chaetopsinae Samuels 1985, now regarded as Chaetopsina fulva Rambelli 1956.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Claviceps Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 20: 43. 1853.Type: C. purpurea (Fr.) Tul. 1853, basionym: Sphaeria purpurea Fr. 1823.	Sphacelia Lév. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 5: 578. 1827.Type: Sphacelia segetum Lév. 1827, now regarded as Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. 1853.Ustilagopsis Speg. in Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 10: 5. 1880.Type: U. deliquescens Speg. 1880, now regarded as Claviceps paspali F. Stevens & J.G. Hall 1910, nom. cons. prop.	Protection needed by NCF if proposal to remove sexual type priority is accepted.
Corallomycetella Henn. in Hedwigia 43: 245. 1904.Type: C. heinsenii Henn. 1904, now regarded as Corallomycetella repens (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rossman & Samuels 1999.	Rhizostilbella Wolk in Mycol. Centralbl. 4: 237. 1914.Type: R. rubra Wolk 1914, now regarded as Corallomycetella repens (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rossman & Samuels 1999.	None.
Epichloë (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., Select. Fung. Carpol. 3: 24. 1865, basionym: Cordyceps subgen. Epichloë Fr. 1849.Type: Epichloë typhina (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul. 1865.	Neotyphodium Glenn et al. in Mycologia 88: 377. 1996.Type: N. coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & W. Gams) Glenn et al. 1996, basionym: Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & W. Gams 1982, now regarded as Epichloë coenophiala (Morgan-Jones & W. Gams) C.W. Bacon & Schardl 2014.	None.
Hypocrella Sacc. in Michelia 1: 322. 1878.Type: H. discoidea (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. 1878.	Aschersonia Mont. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 10: 121. 1848.Type: A. tahitensis Mont. 1848, now regarded as closely related to H. discoidea (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. 1878.	Protection needed by NCF if proposal to remove sexual type priority is accepted.
Neonectria Wollenw. in Ann. Mycol. 15: 52. 1917.Type: N. ramulariae Wollenw. 1917, now regarded as Neonectria candidum (Ehrenb.) Rossman et al. 2015.	Heliscus Sacc., in Michelia 2: 35. 1880.Type: H. lugdunensis Sacc. & Therry 1880, now regarded as Neonectria lugdunensis (Sacc. & Therry) L. Lombard & Crous 2014.Cylindrocarpon Wollenw. in Phytopathology 3: 225. 1913.Type: C. cylindroides Wollenw. 1913, now regarded as Neonectria neomacrospora (C. Booth & Samuels) Mantiri & Samuels 2001.	Protection needed by NCF if proposal to remove sexual type priority is accepted.
Ophionectria Sacc. in Michelia 1: 323. 1878.Type: O. trichospora (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. 1878, basionym Nectria trichospora Berk. & Broome 1873.	Antipodium Piroz. in Canad. J. Bot. 52: 1143. 1974.Type: A. spectabile Piroz. 1974, now regarded as Ophionectria trichospora (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. 1878.	None.
Penicillifer Emden in Acta Bot. Neerl. 17: 54. 1968.Type: P. pulcher Emden 1968.	Viridispora Samuels & Rossman in Stud. Mycol. 42: 166. 1999.Type: V. penicilliferi (Samuels) Samuels & Rossman 1999, basionym: Nectria penicilliferi Samuels 1989, now regarded as Penicillifer macrosporus Samuels 1989.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Sarcopodium Ehrenb., Sylv. Mycol. Berol.: 12, 23. 1818.Type: S circinatum Ehrenb. 1818.	Lanatonectria Samuels & Rossman in Stud. Mycol. 42: 137. 1999.Type: L. flocculenta (Henn. & E. Nyman) Samuels & Rossman 1999, basionym: Nectriella flocculenta Henn. & E. Nyman 1900, now regarded as Sarcopodium macalpinei (Agnihothr. & G.C.S. Barua) B. Sutton 1981.Actinostilbe Petch in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 9: 327. 1925.Type: A. vanillae Petch 1925, now regarded as Sarcopodium vanillae (Petch) B. Sutton 1981.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Ustilaginoidea Bref., Unters. Gesammtgeb. Mykol. 12: 194. 1895.Type: U. oryzae (Pat.) Bref. 1895, basionym: Tilletia oryzae Pat. 1887, now regarded as Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah. 1896.	Villosiclava E. Tanaka & C. Tanaka in Mycotaxon 106: 498. 2009.Type: V. virens (M. Sakurai ex Nakata) E. Tanaka & C. Tanaka 2008, basionym: Claviceps virens M. Sakurai ex Nakata 1934, now regarded as Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah. 1896.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Volutella Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 458. 1832, nom. cons.Type: V. ciliata (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. 1832, basionym: Tubercularia ciliata Alb. & Schwein. 1805, typ. cons.	Volutellonectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang in Phytotaxa 44: 3. 2012.Type: V. consors (Ellis & Everh.) J. Luo et al. 2012, basionym: Dialonectria consors Ellis & Everh. 1888, now regarded as Volutella consors (Ellis & Everh.) Seifert et al. 2011.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Xenocylindrocladium Decock et al. in Mycol. Res. 101: 788. 1997.Type: X. serpens Decock et al. 1997.	Xenocalonectria Crous & C.L. Schoch in Stud. Mycol. 45: 50. 2000.Type: X. serpens (Decock et al.) Crous & C.L. Schoch 2000, basionym: Nectria serpens Decock et al. 1997, now regarded as Xenocylindrocladium serpens Decock et al. 1997.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
SORDARIOMYCETES INSERTAE SEDIS
Batistia Cif. in Ist. Bot. Reale Univ. Reale Lab. Crittog. Pavia Atti, ser. 4 15: 166. 1958.Type: B. annulipes (Mont.) Cif. 1958, basionym: Thamnomyces annulipes Mont. 1834.	Acrostroma Seifert, in Canad. J. Bot. 65: 2197. 1987.Type: A. annellosynnema Seifert 1987, now regarded as Batistia annulipes (Mont.) Cif. 1958.	None.
LEOTIOMYCETES
Drepanopeziza (Kleb.) Höhn. in Ann. Mycol. 15: 332. 1917, basionym: Pseudopeziza sect. Drepanopeziza Kleb. in Z. Pflanzenkrankh. 16: 82. 1906.Type: D. ribis (Kleb.) Höhn. 1917, basionym: Pseudopeziza ribis Kleb. 1906.	Gloeosporium Desm. & Mont., in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 12: 295. 1849.Type: G. castagnei Desm. & Mont. 1849, now regarded as Drepanopeziza populi-albae (Kleb.) Nannf. 1932, nom. cons. prop.Gloeosporidiella Petr. in Hedwigia 62: 318. 1921.Type: G. ribis (Lib.) Petr., (1921), basionym: Leptothyrium ribis Lib. 1834, now regarded as Drepanopeziza ribis (Kleb.) Höhn. 1917.	Protection needed by NCF if proposal to remove sexual type priority is accepted.
Golovinomyces (U. Braun) Heluta in Biol. Žum. Armen. 41: 357. 1988, basionym: Erysiphe sect. Golovinomyces U. Braun in Feddes Repert. 88: 659. 1978.Type: G. cichoracearum (DC.) Heluta, 1988, basionym: Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. 1805.	Euoidium Y.L. Paul & J.N. Kapoor in Indian Phytopathol. 38: 761. 1985.Type: E. erysiphoides (Fr.) Y.L. Paul & J.N. Kapoor 1985, basionym: Oidium erysiphoides Fr. 1832, now regarded as Golovinomyces biocellatus (Ehrenb.) Heluta 1988.	Protection needed by NCF if proposal to remove sexual type priority is accepted.
Holwaya Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 646. 1889.Type: H. ophiobolus (Ellis) Sacc. 1889, basionym: Bulgaria ophiobolus Ellis 1883, now regarded as Holwaya mucida (Schulzer) Korf & Abawi 1971.	Crinium Fr., Novit. Fl. Suec. 5: 79. 1819.Type: Acrospermum caliciiforme Fr. 1818, now regarded as Holwaya mucida (Schulzer) Korf & Abawi 1971.	Protection needed by NCF.
DOTHIDEOMYCETES
Abrothallus De Not., Abrothallus: 1. 1845.Type: A. bertianus De Not. 1849	Vouauxiomyces Dyko & D. Hawksw. in Lichenologist 11: 57. 1979.Type: V. truncatus (B. de Lesd.) Dyko & D. Hawksw. 1979, basionym: Phoma truncata B. de Lesd. 1914, now regarded as Abrothallus microspermus Tul. 1852.	None.
Acroconidiellina M.B. Ellis in Mycol. Pap. 125: 22. 1971.Type: A. loudetiae M.B. Ellis 1971.	Zeuctomorpha Sivan. et al., Bitunicate Ascomyc. & Anam.: 572. 1984.Type: Z. arecae Sivan., P.M. Kirk & Govindu 1984, now regarded as Acroconidiellina arecae (Berk. & Broome) M.B. Ellis 1976.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Amarenographium O.E. Erikss. in Mycotaxon 15: 199. 1982.Type: A. metableticum (Trail) O.E. Erikss. 1982, basionym: Camarosporium metableticum Trail 1886.	Amarenomyces O.E. Erikss. in Opera Bot. 60: 124. 1981.Type: A. ammophilae (Lasch) O.E. Erikss. 1981, basionym: Sphaeria ammophilae Lasch 1850, now regarded as Amarenographium metableticum (Trail) O.E. Erikss.1982.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Amniculicola Y. Zhang ter & K.D. Hyde in Mycol. Res. 112: 1189. 2008.Type: A. lignicola Y. Zhang ter & K.D. Hyde 2008.	Anguillospora Ingold in Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 25: 401. 1942 [“1941”].Type: A. longissima (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Ingold 1942, basionym: Fusarium longissimum Sacc. & P. Syd. 1899, now recognized as Amniculicola longissima (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Nadeeshan & K.D. Hyde 2016.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF unless proposal to conserve Anguillospora with new type is accepted.
Atichia Flot. in Linnaea23: 149. 1850.Type: A. mosigii Flot. 1850, now regarded as Atichia glomerulosa (Ach.) Stein 1850, basionym: Collema glomerulosum Ach. 1810.	Seuratia Pat. in Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 20: 136. 1904.Type: S. coffeicola Pat. 1904, now regarded as Atichia glomerulosa (Ach.) Stein 1850.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Blasdalea Sacc. & P. Syd., Syll. Fung. 16: 634. 1902.Type: B. disciformis (Rehm) Sacc. & P. Syd. (1902), basionym: Vizella disciformis Rehm 1900.	Chrysogloeum Petr. in Sydowia 12: 254. 1959.Type: C. peruvianum Petr. 1959, now regarded as Blasdalea disciformis (Rehm) Sacc. & P. Syd. 1902.Singeriella Petr. in Sydowia 12: 252. 1959.Type: S. peruviana Petr. 1959, now regarded as Blasdalea disciformis (Rehm) Sacc. & P. Syd. 1902.	None.
Capnodium Mont. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 11: 233. 1849.Type: C. salicinum Mont. 1849.	Fumagospora G. Arnaud in Ann. École Natl. Agric. Montpellier, sér.2 10: 326. 1911.Type: F. capnodioides G. Arnaud 1911, now regarded as C. salicinum Mont. 1849.	None.
Dilophospora Desm. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2 14: 6. 1840.Type: D. graminis Desm. 1840, now regarded as Dilophospora alopecuri (Fr.) Fr. 1849.	Lidophia J. Walker & B. Sutton in Trans. Brit Mycol. Soc. 62: 232. 1974.Type: L. graminis (Sacc.) J. Walker & B. Sutton 1974, basionym Dilophia graminis Sacc. 1883, now regarded as Dilophospora alopecuri (Fr.) Fr. 1849.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Eupelte Syd. in Ann. Mycol. 22: 426. 1924.Type: E. amicta Syd. 1924.	Maurodothina G. Arnaud ex Piroz. & Shoemaker in Canad. J. Bot. 48: 1326. 1970.Type: M. dothideoides (Ellis & Everh.) Piroz. & Shoemaker 1970, basionym: Asteridium dothideoides Ellis & Everh. 1895, now regarded as Eupelte dothideoides (Ellis & Everh.) Arx & E. Müll. 1975.Pirozynskia Subram., Curr. Sci. 41: 711. 1972.Type: P. farriae Subram. 1972, now regarded as Eupelte farriae (Piroz. & Shoemaker) Arx & E. Müll. 1975.	None.
Koordersiella Höhn. in Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-naturw. Cl., Abt. 1 118: 833. 1909.Type: K. javanica Höhn. 1909.	Hansfordiellopsis Deighton in Mycol. Pap. 78: 33. 1960.Type: H. aburiensis Deighton 1960, now regarded as Koordersiella insectivora (Hansf.) D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. 1987.Ascohansfordiellopsis D. Hawksw. in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 6: 221. 1979.Type: A. deightonii D. Hawksw. 1979 now regarded as Koordersiella deightonii (D. Hawksw.) D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. 1987.	None.
Metacapnodium Speg. in Physis (Buenos Aires 4: 288. 1918.Type: M. juniperi (W. Phillips & Plowr.) Speg. 1918, basionym: Capnodium juniperi W. Phillips & Plowr. 1885.	Antennularia Rchb., Consp. Regni Veget.: 5. 1828.Type: A. ericophila (Link) Höhn. 1909, basionym: Sphaeria ericophila Link 1809, now regarded as Metacapnodium ericophilum (Link) D. Hawksw. & S. Hughes 2013.Capnocybe S. Hughes in New Zealand J. Bot. 4: 335. 1966.Type: C. fraserae S. Hughes 1966, now regarded as Metacapnodium fraserae (S. Hughes) S. Hughes 1976.Capnophialophora S. Hughes in New Zealand J. Bot. 4: 352. 1966.Type: C. fraserae S. Hughes 1966, now regarded as Metacapnodium fraserae (S. Hughes) S. Hughes 1976.Capnobotrys S. Hughes in New Zealand J. Bot. 8: 205. 1970.Type: C. neesii S. Hughes 1970, said to be a Metacapnodium close to M. quinqueseptatum (Hughes 1981).Capnosporium S. Hughes in Mycologia 68: 752. 1976.Type: C. moniliforme S. Hughes 1976, now regarded as Metacapnodium moniliforme (L.R. Fraser) S. Hughes 1976.Torulopsiella Bender in Mycologia 24: 411. 1932.Type: T. fumaginea (Speg.) Bender 1932, basionym: Torula fumaginea Speg. 1911.	Protection needed by NCF if proposal to remove sexual type priority is accepted.
Microxiphium (Harv. ex Berk. & Desm.) Thüm., Mycoth. Univ. 14: no. 1352. 1879, basionym: Capnodium subgen. Microxiphium Harv. ex Berk. & Desm. in J. Hort. Soc. 4: 253. 1849.Type: M. footii (Harv. ex Berk. & Desm.) Thüm. 1879, basionym: Capnodium footii Harv. ex Berk. & Desm. 1849, now regarded as Microxiphium fagi (Pers.) S. Hughes 1976.	Dennisiella Bat. & Cif. in Beih. Sydowia 3: 37. 1962.Type: D. babingtonii (Berk.) Bat. & Cif.1962, basionym: Strigula babingtonii Berk.(1849),now regarded as Microxiphium fagi (Pers.) S. Hughes 1976.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Mirandina G. Arnaud ex Matsush., Icon. microfung. Matsush.: 96. 1975.Type: M. corticola G. Arnaud ex Matsush. 1975.	Chaetonectrioides Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 9: 5. 1996.Type. C. malaysiana Matsush. 1996, now regarded as Mirandina flagelliformis Matsush. 1987.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Protoventuria Berl. & Sacc. in Atti Soc. Veneto-Trentino Sci. Nat. Padova 10: 174. 1887.Type: P. rosae (De Not.) Berl. & Sacc. 1887,basionym: Venturia rosae De Not. 1855.	Ramalia Bat. in Revista Biol.(Lisboa) 1: 110. 1957.Type: R. veronica Bat. 1957, now regarded as Protoventuria parahebicola B. Sutton & Pascoe 1988.	None.
Sarcinella Sacc. in Michelia 2: 31. 1880.Type: S. heterospora Sacc. 1877, now regarded as S. pulchra (Sacc.) Seifert 2016.	Schiffnerula Höhn. in Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-naturw. Cl., Abt. 1 118: 867. 1909.Type: S. mirabilis Höhn. 1909, now regarded as Sarcinella mirabilis (Hohn.) Seifert 2016.Questieriella G. Arnaud ex S. Hughes in Can. J. Bot. 61: 1729. 1983.Type: Questieriella pulchra S. Hughes 1983, now regarded as Sarcinella pulchra (Sacc.) Seifert 2016.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Trichothallus F. Stevens in Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 19: 85. 1925.Type: T. hawaiiensis F. Stevens 1925.	Plokamidomyces Bat. et al. in Ist. Bot. Reale Univ. Reale Lab. Crittog. Pavia, ser. 5 15: 47. 1958.Type: P. colensoi Bat. et al. 1958, now regarded as Trichothallus niger (Jennings) Seifert 2016.Trichopeltheca Bat. et al. in Ist. Bot. Reale Univ. Reale Lab. Crittog. Pavia, ser. 5 15: 44. 1958.Type: T. asiatica Bat. et al. 1958, now regarded as Trichothallus niger (Jennings) Seifert 2016.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.
Xenodium Syd. in Ann. Mycol. 33: 95. 1935.Type: X. petrakii Syd. 1935.	Xenodiella Syd. in Ann. Mycol. 33: 98. 1935.Type: X. petrakii Syd. 1935, now regarded as Xenodium petrakii Syd. 1935.	None.
Yoshinagaia Henn. in Hedwigia 43: 143. 1904.Type: Y. quercus Henn. 1904.	Japonia Höhn. in Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-naturw. Cl., Abt. 1 118: 879. 1909.Type: J. quercus Höhn. 1909, now regarded as Yoshinagaia quercus Henn. 1904.Yoshinagamyces Hara in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 143. 1912.Type: Y. quercus Hara 1912, now regarded as Yoshinagaia quercus Henn. 1904.Monoloculia Hara, Diseases Trees: 171. 1927.Type: M. quercus (Henn.) Hara. 1927, now regarded as Yoshinagaia quercus Henn. 1904.	Asexual type. Protection needed by NCF if proposal to change this not accepted.