Detection of lupus anticoagulant in the era of direct oral anticoagulants.

Lupus anticoagulant (LAC) is an in vitro phenomenon determining a phospholipid-dependent elongation of clotting times. The presence of LAC associated with anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β2 glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) antibodies is strongly associated with thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) targeting thrombin and factor Xa are currently widely use to prevent and treat venous and arterial thromboembolism. Some concern has, however, been expressed about the possibility of false laboratory results during LAC assessment in patients taking these drugs. Several in vitro studies, spiking DOACs into normal plasma as well as ex vivo at peak levels in treated patients, led in false-positive LAC. The dilute Russell Viper Venom time is the assay that is most influenced by rivaroxaban, edoxaban, dabigatran and less by apixaban. Both screening and confirmatory tests have resulted equally prolonged for activated partial thromboplastin time and have not led to false-positive results, but this may depend on the type of reagent used for the test. Taipan/Ecarin snake venoms ratios, has been recommend by some investigators as they do not seem to be affected by rivaroxaban or edoxaban, but these tests are neither standardized nor generally available in clinical practice. In conclusion, for the time being it does not seem advisable to carry out LAC testing during anti-factor Xa and anti-factor IIa treatment because of the risk of false-positive results. Whenever needed in deciding the suspension of DOACs or in case of recurrent thrombosis, LAC determination should be carried out at trough better if DOAC concentration is known.