Andraž Dovnik1, Faris Mujezinović2, Milena Treiber2, Breda Pečovnik Balon3, Maksimiljan Gorenjak4, Uroš Maver5, Iztok Takač2,6. 1. University Clinic for Gynecology and Perinatology, University Medical Center Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia. andrazdovnik@gmail.com. 2. University Clinic for Gynecology and Perinatology, University Medical Center Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia. 3. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maribor Faculty of Medicine, Taborska 8, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia. 4. Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Center Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia. 5. Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, University of Maribor Faculty of Medicine, Taborska 8, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia. 6. Department of Gynecology and Perinatology, University of Maribor Faculty of Medicine, Taborska 8, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the vitamin D status of pregnant women in Slovenia and the factors influencing it. METHODS: The study was performed in Maribor University Medical Centre (location 46°N). Maternal serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) in 4 groups of 100 pregnant women in 4 different seasons of the year was measured at the time of delivery. Data on life style, eating habits, sunbathing and intake of vitamin D supplements during pregnancy were obtained using a questionnaire. Information on maternal outcome was acquired from medical records. Duration of sunlight and average temperature in the month preceding delivery were calculated from meteorological data. RESULTS: The average maternal 25(OH)D concentration ranged from 28.5 ± 17.1 nmol/l in March to 54.8 ± 24.1 nmol/l in June (p < 0.001). Severe vitamin D deficiency, i.e. <25 nmol/l 25(OH)D was present in 23.6% of women overall. In multiple regression analysis supplements containing vitamin D (β = 0.225, p < 0.001) and duration of intentional exposure to sunlight (β = 0.192, p = 0.026) were associated with maternal 25(OH)D status. Significantly lower vitamin D levels were observed in women who had a cesarean section (t = 2.053, p = 0.041) and those with premature delivery (t = 2.296, p = 0.022). Vitamin D levels were not associated with the occurrence of gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension or infections during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was detected at the end of pregnancy, especially in the months following autumn and winter and in women who did not take supplements containing vitamin D.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the vitamin D status of pregnant women in Slovenia and the factors influencing it. METHODS: The study was performed in Maribor University Medical Centre (location 46°N). Maternal serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) in 4 groups of 100 pregnant women in 4 different seasons of the year was measured at the time of delivery. Data on life style, eating habits, sunbathing and intake of vitamin D supplements during pregnancy were obtained using a questionnaire. Information on maternal outcome was acquired from medical records. Duration of sunlight and average temperature in the month preceding delivery were calculated from meteorological data. RESULTS: The average maternal 25(OH)D concentration ranged from 28.5 ± 17.1 nmol/l in March to 54.8 ± 24.1 nmol/l in June (p < 0.001). Severe vitamin D deficiency, i.e. <25 nmol/l 25(OH)D was present in 23.6% of women overall. In multiple regression analysis supplements containing vitamin D (β = 0.225, p < 0.001) and duration of intentional exposure to sunlight (β = 0.192, p = 0.026) were associated with maternal 25(OH)D status. Significantly lower vitamin D levels were observed in women who had a cesarean section (t = 2.053, p = 0.041) and those with premature delivery (t = 2.296, p = 0.022). Vitamin D levels were not associated with the occurrence of gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension or infections during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was detected at the end of pregnancy, especially in the months following autumn and winter and in women who did not take supplements containing vitamin D.
Entities:
Keywords:
Nutritional supplements; Pregnancy outcomes; Season; Sunlight; Vitamin D
Authors: Spyridon N Karras; Hana Fakhoury; Giovanna Muscogiuri; William B Grant; Johannes M van den Ouweland; Anna Maria Colao; Kalliopi Kotsa Journal: Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis Date: 2016-07-13 Impact factor: 5.346
Authors: Lisa M Bodnar; Dwight J Rouse; Valerija Momirova; Alan M Peaceman; Anthony Sciscione; Catherine Y Spong; Michael W Varner; Fergal D Malone; Jay D Iams; Brian M Mercer; John M Thorp; Yoram Sorokin; Marshall W Carpenter; Julie Lo; Susan M Ramin; Margaret Harper Journal: Obstet Gynecol Date: 2013-07 Impact factor: 7.661
Authors: Madonna Achkar; Linda Dodds; Yves Giguère; Jean-Claude Forest; B Anthony Armson; Christy Woolcott; Sherry Agellon; Anne Spencer; Hope A Weiler Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Date: 2014-11-13 Impact factor: 8.661
Authors: Anne Merewood; Supriya D Mehta; Tai C Chen; Howard Bauchner; Michael F Holick Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2008-12-23 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: Emily Oken; Ken P Kleinman; Wendy E Berland; Steven R Simon; Janet W Rich-Edwards; Matthew W Gillman Journal: Obstet Gynecol Date: 2003-08 Impact factor: 7.661
Authors: Zeljka Karin; Barbara Gilic; Daniela Supe Domic; Zdenko Sarac; Katarina Ercegovic; Natasa Zenic; Ognjen Uljevic; Mia Peric; Josko Markic Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2018-11-08 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Muzaitul Akma Mustapa Kamal Basha; Hazreen Abdul Majid; Nuguelis Razali; Aswir Abd Rashed; Hussin Muhammad; Abqariyah Yahya Journal: Front Public Health Date: 2021-06-29