Gerhard H Scholz1, Markolf Hanefeld2. 1. Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Cardiology and General Medicine, St. Elisabeth-Krankenhaus Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Leipziger Institut für Präventivmedizin GmbH, Leipzig, Germany. 2. GWT-TUD GmbH, Dresden Technical University, Dresden, Germany; Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Since 1981, we have used the term metabolic syndrome to describe an association of a dysregulation in lipid metabolism (high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, disturbed glucose homeostasis (enhanced fasting and/or prandial glucose), gout, and hypertension), with android obesity being based on a common soil (overnutrition, reduced physical activity, sociocultural factors, and genetic predisposition). We hypothesized that main traits of the syndrome occur early and are tightly connected with hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance, procoagulation, and cardiovascular diseases. METHODS: To establish a close link between the traits of the metabolic vascular syndrome, we focused our literature search on recent original work and comprehensive reviews dealing with the topics metabolic syndrome, visceral obesity, fatty liver, fat tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Recent research supports the concept that the metabolic vascular syndrome is a multidimensional and interactive network of risk factors and diseases based on individual genetic susceptibility and epigenetic changes where metabolic dysregulation/metabolic inflexibility in different organs and vascular dysfunction are early interconnected. CONCLUSION: The metabolic vascular syndrome is not only a risk factor constellation but rather a life-long abnormality of a closely connected interactive cluster of developing diseases which escalate each other and should continuously attract the attention of every clinician.
BACKGROUND: Since 1981, we have used the term metabolic syndrome to describe an association of a dysregulation in lipid metabolism (high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, disturbed glucose homeostasis (enhanced fasting and/or prandial glucose), gout, and hypertension), with android obesity being based on a common soil (overnutrition, reduced physical activity, sociocultural factors, and genetic predisposition). We hypothesized that main traits of the syndrome occur early and are tightly connected with hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance, procoagulation, and cardiovascular diseases. METHODS: To establish a close link between the traits of the metabolic vascular syndrome, we focused our literature search on recent original work and comprehensive reviews dealing with the topics metabolic syndrome, visceral obesity, fatty liver, fat tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Recent research supports the concept that the metabolic vascular syndrome is a multidimensional and interactive network of risk factors and diseases based on individual genetic susceptibility and epigenetic changes where metabolic dysregulation/metabolic inflexibility in different organs and vascular dysfunction are early interconnected. CONCLUSION: The metabolic vascular syndrome is not only a risk factor constellation but rather a life-long abnormality of a closely connected interactive cluster of developing diseases which escalate each other and should continuously attract the attention of every clinician.
Entities:
Keywords:
Common soil; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolic vascular syndrome; Obesity; Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Shi-Xiong Tan; Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman; Daniel J Fazakerley; Yvonne Ng; Himani Pant; Jia Li; Christopher C Meoli; Adelle C F Coster; Jacqueline Stöckli; David E James Journal: J Biol Chem Date: 2015-02-26 Impact factor: 5.157
Authors: Mikael Rydén; Olga Hrydziuszko; Enrichetta Mileti; Amitha Raman; Jette Bornholdt; Mette Boyd; Eva Toft; Veronica Qvist; Erik Näslund; Anders Thorell; Daniel P Andersson; Ingrid Dahlman; Hui Gao; Albin Sandelin; Carsten O Daub; Peter Arner Journal: Cell Rep Date: 2016-08-18 Impact factor: 9.423
Authors: Markolf Hanefeld; Frank Pistrosch; Stefan R Bornstein; Andreas L Birkenfeld Journal: Rev Endocr Metab Disord Date: 2016-03 Impact factor: 6.514
Authors: Stefan Chiriac; Carol Stanciu; Irina Girleanu; Camelia Cojocariu; Catalin Sfarti; Ana-Maria Singeap; Tudor Cuciureanu; Laura Huiban; Cristina Maria Muzica; Sebastian Zenovia; Robert Nastasa; Anca Trifan Journal: Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol Date: 2021-01-12
Authors: Gadadharan Vijayakumar; Sreeja Manghat; Revathi Vijayakumar; Leena Simon; Liss Maria Scaria; Aswathi Vijayakumar; Ganapathy K Sreehari; V Raman Kutty; Arun Rachana; Abdul Jaleel Journal: BMC Public Health Date: 2019-01-31 Impact factor: 3.295
Authors: Katharina Lechner; Amy L McKenzie; Nicolle Kränkel; Clemens Von Schacky; Nicolai Worm; Uwe Nixdorff; Benjamin Lechner; Johannes Scherr; Oliver Weingärtner; Ronald M Krauss Journal: Metab Syndr Relat Disord Date: 2020-03-02 Impact factor: 1.894