Hiroshige Jinnouchi1, Akihiko Kitamura1,2,3, Kazumasa Yamagishi2,4, Masahiko Kiyama2, Hironori Imano1, Takeo Okada2, Renzhe Cui1, Mitsumasa Umesawa4,5, Isao Muraki2, Mina Hayama-Terada2, Ryo Kawasaki6, Tomoko Sankai7, Tetsuya Ohira8, Hiroyasu Iso1. 1. Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine. 2. Osaka Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. 3. Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology. 4. Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba. 5. Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine. 6. Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science. 7. Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba. 8. Department of Epidemiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine.
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the association of retinal vascular changes with a risk of dementia in longitudinal population-based study. METHODS: We performed a nested case-control study of 3,718 persons, aged 40-89 years, enrolled between 1983 and 2004. Retinal vascular changes were observed in 351 cases with disabling dementia (average period before the onset, 11.2 years) and in 702 controls matched for sex, age, and baseline year. Incidence of disabling dementia was defined as individuals who received cares for disabilities including dementia-related symptoms and/or behavioral disturbance. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratio (OR) and multivariable adjusted OR (Models 1 and 2) for incidence of disabling dementia according to each retinal vascular change. Regarding confounding variables, Model 1 included overweight status, hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and smoking status, whereas Model 2 also included incidence of stroke prior to disabling dementia for further analysis. RESULTS: The proportion of cases (controls) with retinal vascular changes was 23.1 (15.7)% for generalized arteriolar narrowing, 7.7 (7.5)% for focal arteriolar narrowing, 15.7 (11.8)% for arteriovenous nicking, 10.5 (9.3)% for increased arteriolar wall reflex, and 11.4 (9.8)% for any other retinopathy. Generalized arteriolar narrowing was associated with an increased risk of disabling dementia: crude OR, 1.66 (95% confidence interval, 1.19-2.31); Model 1: OR, 1.58 (1.12-2.23); Model 2: OR, 1.48 (1.04-2.10). The number of retinal abnormalities was associated in a dose-response manner with the risk. CONCLUSION: Generalized arteriolar narrowing and total number of retinal abnormalities may be useful markers for identifying persons at higher risks of disabling dementia.
AIM: To investigate the association of retinal vascular changes with a risk of dementia in longitudinal population-based study. METHODS: We performed a nested case-control study of 3,718 persons, aged 40-89 years, enrolled between 1983 and 2004. Retinal vascular changes were observed in 351 cases with disabling dementia (average period before the onset, 11.2 years) and in 702 controls matched for sex, age, and baseline year. Incidence of disabling dementia was defined as individuals who received cares for disabilities including dementia-related symptoms and/or behavioral disturbance. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratio (OR) and multivariable adjusted OR (Models 1 and 2) for incidence of disabling dementia according to each retinal vascular change. Regarding confounding variables, Model 1 included overweight status, hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and smoking status, whereas Model 2 also included incidence of stroke prior to disabling dementia for further analysis. RESULTS: The proportion of cases (controls) with retinal vascular changes was 23.1 (15.7)% for generalized arteriolar narrowing, 7.7 (7.5)% for focal arteriolar narrowing, 15.7 (11.8)% for arteriovenous nicking, 10.5 (9.3)% for increased arteriolar wall reflex, and 11.4 (9.8)% for any other retinopathy. Generalized arteriolar narrowing was associated with an increased risk of disabling dementia: crude OR, 1.66 (95% confidence interval, 1.19-2.31); Model 1: OR, 1.58 (1.12-2.23); Model 2: OR, 1.48 (1.04-2.10). The number of retinal abnormalities was associated in a dose-response manner with the risk. CONCLUSION: Generalized arteriolar narrowing and total number of retinal abnormalities may be useful markers for identifying persons at higher risks of disabling dementia.
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