Derek Glidden1, Walter Pierre Bouman2, Bethany A Jones3, Jon Arcelus4. 1. Nottingham Centre for Gender Dysphoria, Nottingham, United Kingdom. 2. Nottingham Centre for Gender Dysphoria, Nottingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: walterbouman@doctors.org.uk. 3. Nottingham Centre for Gender Dysphoria, Nottingham, United Kingdom; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom. 4. Nottingham Centre for Gender Dysphoria, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: There is a growing clinical recognition that a significant proportion of patients with gender dysphoria have concurrent autism spectrum disorder (ASD). AIM: The purpose of this review is to systematically appraise the current literature regarding the co-occurrence of gender dysphoria and ASD. METHODS: A systematic literature search using Medline and PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase was conducted from 1966 to July 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fifty-eight articles were generated from the search. Nineteen of these publications met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The literature investigating ASD in children and adolescents with gender dysphoria showed a higher prevalence rate of ASD compared with the general population. There is a limited amount of research in adults. Only one study showed that adults attending services for gender dysphoria had increased ASD scores. Another study showed a larger proportion of adults with atypical gender identity and ASD. CONCLUSION: Although the research is limited, especially for adults, there is an increasing amount of evidence that suggests a co-occurrence between gender dysphoria and ASD. Further research is vital for educational and clinical purposes.
INTRODUCTION: There is a growing clinical recognition that a significant proportion of patients with gender dysphoria have concurrent autism spectrum disorder (ASD). AIM: The purpose of this review is to systematically appraise the current literature regarding the co-occurrence of gender dysphoria and ASD. METHODS: A systematic literature search using Medline and PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase was conducted from 1966 to July 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fifty-eight articles were generated from the search. Nineteen of these publications met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The literature investigating ASD in children and adolescents with gender dysphoria showed a higher prevalence rate of ASD compared with the general population. There is a limited amount of research in adults. Only one study showed that adults attending services for gender dysphoria had increased ASD scores. Another study showed a larger proportion of adults with atypical gender identity and ASD. CONCLUSION: Although the research is limited, especially for adults, there is an increasing amount of evidence that suggests a co-occurrence between gender dysphoria and ASD. Further research is vital for educational and clinical purposes.
Authors: Tracy A Becerra-Culqui; Yuan Liu; Rebecca Nash; Lee Cromwell; W Dana Flanders; Darios Getahun; Shawn V Giammattei; Enid M Hunkeler; Timothy L Lash; Andrea Millman; Virginia P Quinn; Brandi Robinson; Douglas Roblin; David E Sandberg; Michael J Silverberg; Vin Tangpricha; Michael Goodman Journal: Pediatrics Date: 2018-04-16 Impact factor: 7.124
Authors: Marissa Nunes-Moreno; Cindy Buchanan; F Sessions Cole; Shanlee Davis; Amanda Dempsey; Nadia Dowshen; Anna Furniss; Anne E Kazak; Anna J Kerlek; Peter Margolis; Laura Pyle; Hanieh Razzaghi; Daniel H Reirden; Beth Schwartz; Gina M Sequeira; Natalie J Nokoff Journal: J Pediatr Date: 2021-09-24 Impact factor: 4.406