Jennifer Meddings1,2,3,4, Heidi Reichert5,6, Shawna N Smith5,7,6, Theodore J Iwashyna5,8,7,6, Kenneth M Langa5,8,7,9,6, Timothy P Hofer5,8,6, Laurence F McMahon5,9,6. 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, 430W, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. meddings@umich.edu. 2. Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Division of General Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. meddings@umich.edu. 3. Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. meddings@umich.edu. 4. Institute for Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. meddings@umich.edu. 5. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, 430W, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. 6. Institute for Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 7. University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 8. Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 9. University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Readmission rates after pneumonia, heart failure, and acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations are risk-adjusted for age, gender, and medical comorbidities and used to penalize hospitals. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of disability and social determinants of health on condition-specific readmissions beyond current risk adjustment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective cohort study of Medicare patients using 1) linked Health and Retirement Study-Medicare claims data (HRS-CMS) and 2) Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases (Florida, Washington) linked with ZIP Code-level measures from the Census American Community Survey (ACS-HCUP). Multilevel logistic regression models assessed the impact of disability and selected social determinants of health on readmission beyond current risk adjustment. MAIN MEASURES: Outcomes measured were readmissions ≤30 days after hospitalizations for pneumonia, heart failure, or acute myocardial infarction. HRS-CMS models included disability measures (activities of daily living [ADL] limitations, cognitive impairment, nursing home residence, home healthcare use) and social determinants of health (spouse, children, wealth, Medicaid, race). ACS-HCUP model measures were ZIP Code-percentage of residents ≥65 years of age with ADL difficulty, spouse, income, Medicaid, and patient-level and hospital-level race. KEY RESULTS: For pneumonia, ≥3 ADL difficulties (OR 1.61, CI 1.079-2.391) and prior home healthcare needs (OR 1.68, CI 1.204-2.355) increased readmission in HRS-CMS models (N = 1631); ADL difficulties (OR 1.20, CI 1.063-1.352) and 'other' race (OR 1.14, CI 1.001-1.301) increased readmission in ACS-HCUP models (N = 27,297). For heart failure, children (OR 0.66, CI 0.437-0.984) and wealth (OR 0.53, CI 0.349-0.787) lowered readmission in HRS-CMS models (N = 2068), while black (OR 1.17, CI 1.056-1.292) and 'other' race (OR 1.14, CI 1.036-1.260) increased readmission in ACS-HCUP models (N = 37,612). For acute myocardial infarction, nursing home status (OR 4.04, CI 1.212-13.440) increased readmission in HRS-CMS models (N = 833); 'other' patient-level race (OR 1.18, CI 1.012-1.385) and hospital-level race (OR 1.06, CI 1.001-1.125) increased readmission in ACS-HCUP models (N = 17,496). CONCLUSIONS: Disability and social determinants of health influence readmission risk when added to the current Medicare risk adjustment models, but the effect varies by condition.
BACKGROUND: Readmission rates after pneumonia, heart failure, and acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations are risk-adjusted for age, gender, and medical comorbidities and used to penalize hospitals. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of disability and social determinants of health on condition-specific readmissions beyond current risk adjustment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective cohort study of Medicare patients using 1) linked Health and Retirement Study-Medicare claims data (HRS-CMS) and 2) Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases (Florida, Washington) linked with ZIP Code-level measures from the Census American Community Survey (ACS-HCUP). Multilevel logistic regression models assessed the impact of disability and selected social determinants of health on readmission beyond current risk adjustment. MAIN MEASURES: Outcomes measured were readmissions ≤30 days after hospitalizations for pneumonia, heart failure, or acute myocardial infarction. HRS-CMS models included disability measures (activities of daily living [ADL] limitations, cognitive impairment, nursing home residence, home healthcare use) and social determinants of health (spouse, children, wealth, Medicaid, race). ACS-HCUP model measures were ZIP Code-percentage of residents ≥65 years of age with ADL difficulty, spouse, income, Medicaid, and patient-level and hospital-level race. KEY RESULTS: For pneumonia, ≥3 ADL difficulties (OR 1.61, CI 1.079-2.391) and prior home healthcare needs (OR 1.68, CI 1.204-2.355) increased readmission in HRS-CMS models (N = 1631); ADL difficulties (OR 1.20, CI 1.063-1.352) and 'other' race (OR 1.14, CI 1.001-1.301) increased readmission in ACS-HCUP models (N = 27,297). For heart failure, children (OR 0.66, CI 0.437-0.984) and wealth (OR 0.53, CI 0.349-0.787) lowered readmission in HRS-CMS models (N = 2068), while black (OR 1.17, CI 1.056-1.292) and 'other' race (OR 1.14, CI 1.036-1.260) increased readmission in ACS-HCUP models (N = 37,612). For acute myocardial infarction, nursing home status (OR 4.04, CI 1.212-13.440) increased readmission in HRS-CMS models (N = 833); 'other' patient-level race (OR 1.18, CI 1.012-1.385) and hospital-level race (OR 1.06, CI 1.001-1.125) increased readmission in ACS-HCUP models (N = 17,496). CONCLUSIONS:Disability and social determinants of health influence readmission risk when added to the current Medicare risk adjustment models, but the effect varies by condition.
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