Carbonate based ionic liquid synthesis (CBILS®): thermodynamic analysis.

Within the last decade the Carbonate Based Ionic liquid Synthesis (CBILS®) has developed towards a widely applicable, greener and halogen free process for the industrial production of ionic liquids. A large number of diverse starting materials have been screened experimentally, to explore the structural limits of the core reaction step, which is the quaternization of nitrogen, phosphor or sulfur based nucleophiles with carbonic acid dialkyl or diaryl esters to the corresponding quaternary alkyl- or arylcarbonates. In order to overcome the large experimental effort of empirical screening, a practical method based on quantum-chemical calculation has been developed for an assessment of feasibility of chemical reactions. This method has been successfully tested with 16 typical CBILS® reactions by calculation of their thermodynamic functions. Thermodynamic equilibrium constants as a measure for the practical yield of the CBILS® reactions at 298 K and 393 K have been determined for both the gaseous state and the liquid state. The method has been evaluated by comparison of the theoretical results with experimental data and it can be considered as the powerful tool to reduce "trial and failure" for the industrial application of the CBILS® process.